Measuring and Testing Advertising-Induced Rotation in the Demand Curve



Empirically, a rotation in the demand curve can be determined by estimating
a demand equation (or system of equations) with price and advertising entered as
interaction terms and testing whether the interaction terms are significant.

Following Cramer (1973) five widely-used demand models - a linear model, a semi-
log model, a compensated double-log model motivated by Alston, Chalfant, and
Piggott (2002), a Rotterdam model, and a linear approximate almost ideal demand
system (AIDS) - are specified to test whether advertising rotates demand curves as
follows:

(2) qi =ai +biY+n cijpj +n dijAj +γipiAi +eiAge5+ fiFafh
jj

nn

(3)    qi = ai + b ln(r / P *) + cij ln Ρj +dj ln Aj + Yiln Pi ln Ai + eiln Age 5+ f ln Fafh

jj

(4)    ln qi= ai + biln(K / P *) + cjj ln pj + ∑dij ln Aj + γiln pi ln Αi + ei ln Age 5 + fi ln Fafh

jj
nn

(5)


wid lnqi = ai + bidlnQ + cijd ln pj +dijdlnAj +γid ln pid ln Ai + eid ln Age5
jj

+ fid ln Fafh

nn

(6)    wi = ai + biln(^/P*) + cij lnPj +dj lnAj + YilnPi lnAi+ ei ln Age5 + f lnFafh

jj

where i indexes the four beverages (n = 4) in the non-alcoholic group (fluid milk,
juices, soft drinks (including carbonated soft drinks and bottled water), and coffee
and tea;
pi, qi, wi, and Ai, are the price, demand, budget share, and advertising for
group
i; d ln denotes the logarithmic first-difference operator; Y = i4=1 piqi is group
expenditure;
P* denotes Stone’s geometric price index (lnP* = i4=1 wi ln pi); the



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