Spatial patterns in intermunicipal Danish commuting

OUTCOM: Number of persons with residence in the municipality and workplace in another
municipality in percentage of the number of workplaces in the municipality, 1994 (Source:
Danish Statistical Bureau).

INCOM: Number of persons with residence in another municipality and workplace in the
municipality in percentage of the number of workplaces in the municipality, 1994 (Source:
Danish Statistical Bureau).

NETCOM: Calculated as INCOM - OUTCOM.

To capture the sociodemographic conditions describing workforce characteristica expected to
impact commuting behaviour, the following variables were selected:

WORKPL: Number of workplaces per 100 inhabitants, 1994 (Source: Danish Statistical Bureau).

POPDEN: Population density - inhabitants per square kilometre, 1994 (Source: Danish Statistical
Bureau).

TAXBAS: Taxable incomes per inhabitant, 1994 (Source: Local Authority Key Data, the
Ministry of the Interior).

PSH1766: Population share of 17-66 year-olds, 1994 (Source: Danish Statistical Bureau).

IPHOUS: Inhabitants per household, 1994 (Source: Danish Statistical Bureau).

UNEMP: Unemployed per 100 17-66 year-olds, 1994 (Source: Danish Statistical Bureau).

UNEMP1: Average of UNEMP in neighbourhood municipalities.

For out-commuting, the causal model is specified as

OUTCOM =f₁(PSH1766, WORKPL, IPHOUS, UNEMP).

The population share of 17-66 year-olds - i.e. the share of population in economically active age -
is expected to have a positive impact on out-commuting. Likewise, the number of inhabitants per
household is expected to have a positive impact as the propensity to commute is expected to be
higher for two-parent families than for single-parent families. A high number of workplaces is
clearly expected to reduce the commuting propensity. Unemployment may be expected to have
a positive impact, but a negative impact may be found as well due to geographic and professional
immobility of the unemployed.

For in-commuting, the causal model reads as

INCOM =f₂(WORKPL, POPDEN, TAXBAS, UNEMP1),

where all four variables are expected to have positive impacts.

The same specification is suggested for net-commuting:

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