XX BIBLIOGRAPHY
Stubbs, W. Constitutional History of England, 2nd and 3rd ed,,
1878-80.
Select Charters. 9th ed. Ed. H. W. C. Davis, 1913.
Sussex Archaeological Collections, 1848, etc.
Tait, J. Mediaeval Manchester, 1904.
See Ballard and Cartulary.
Thorpe, B. Diplomatarium aevi Saxonici, 1865.
Tout, T. F. Historical Essays presented to, 1925.
Trenholme, N. M. English Monastic Boroughs. University .of
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Turner, G. J. The Sheriff’s Farm. Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., N.S.
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See also St. Augustine’s.
Turner, W. H. Selections from the Records of Oxford, 1509-83,
1880.
Unwin, G. The Gilds and Companies of London, 1908.
Victoria History of the Counties of England (V.C.H.).
Walsingham, T. Gesta Abbatum Monasterii S. Albani. Ed. H. T.
Riley. R.S. 3 vols., 1867-69.
Warwick. See Black Book.
Wilkinson, B. The Mediaeval Council of Exeter. With introduction
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Winchester. See Black Book, Furley and Liber Winton.
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York Memorandum Book. Ed. M. Sellers. Pt. i. Surtees Soc.,
1912.
THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
I
THE ORIGINS OF THE BOROUGH
i. Introductory
The revival of urban life in England when the Teutonic
invaders had settled down and accepted Christianity was not
an isolated development. Everywhere in Western Europe
successive waves of barbarian invasion had washed out
Roman municipal organization, a nascent recovery was
temporarily checked by the ravages of the Northmen in the
ninth century, but with their repulse or settlement proceeded
steadily, though at varying rates as local conditions favoured
or impeded it. The rise of towns in England cannot therefore
be safely studied without some knowledge of the parallel
movement on the Continent.
The strong similarities which are observable in urban
organization on both sides of the Channel and North Sea
may be due, at first at all events, rather to the working of
like causes than to direct influence. In nomenclature, for
example, the fact that towns were necessarily almost always
fortified seems sufficiently to account for the general applica-
tion to them of the Germanic burh, burg, bourg,1 without
supposing borrowing. Certain features of their organization
as it gradually developed, within or beyond the period with
which we are immediately concerned, were in the nature of
the case alike in all countries. Markets, fairs, a body of probi
homines acting as administrators and, in the more advanced
communities, as judges were urban requisites everywhere.
In the case of these more highly organized communities there
* In the Gothic Gospels of the fourth century baurgs is used to translate
the Greek τroλιr, " city,” as contrasted with κωμη, '' village,” which is
translated hatms—O.E. ham (Mark, i. 33, vi. 56; Luke, x. 10). The
early application of the cognate burg, burh to the walled town in England
ɪs seen in Canterbury (Cantwaraburh).
I