viii
Contents,
CHAPTER XX Г.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLVENCES AT TΠE CLOSE
OF IHE MIDDLE AGES.
454. Plan of the ch pter, p. 51 S. 455. Variations of the political
balance throughout English History, ρ. 520. 456. The Kings:
popular regard for the Plantagenets, p. 525. 457∙ Growth of
loyalty, p. 526. 458. Doctiine of legitimism, p. 528. 459. Ma-
terial and legal securities, p. 528. 460. Extent of the royal estates,
p. 529. 461. Religious duty of obedience, p. 531. 462. Fealty,
homage, and allegiance, p. 532. 463. Law of Treason, p. 535.
464. The Clebgy, p. 539. 465. Weakness of their spiritual posi-
tion, p. 542. 466. Weakness of their temporal position, p. 543.
467. The Baronage : their wealth and extent of property, p. 543.
468. Their territorial distribution, p. 546. 469. Class distinctions,
p. 548. 47θ. Livery and maintenance, p. 549. 471. Heraldic
distinctions, p. 552. 472. Fortified houses and parks, p. 555.
473. Great households, p. 557. 474. Servicebyindenture, p. 558.
475. Good and evil results of baronial leadership, p. 560. 476.
Baronial position of the Lishops, p. 561. 477- The Knights
and Squires, p. 563. 478. Their relation to the barons, p. 567.
479. Independent attitude of the knights in parliament, p. 568.
480. The Yeomanry, p. 570. 481. Expenditure of the squire
and tenant farmer, p. 573. 482. The valetti in parliament, p. 574.
483. The yeomen electors, p. 575. 484. The Boroughs, p. 577. ,
4S5. The merchant guild and its developments, p. 579. 486.
Constitution of London, p. 587. 487∙ Importance and growth of
Companies, p. 591. 488. Other municipalities, p. 597. 489.
Politics in the boroughs, and of their representatives, p. 608. 490.
Political capabilities of country and town, merchant, tradesman,
and artificer, p. 6ιι. 491. The life of the burgher, p. 614. 492.
Connexion with the country and with other classes, p. 616. 493.
-Vrtisans and labourers, p. 617. 494. The poor, p. 619. 495.
The villeins, p. 623. 496. The chance of rising in the world.
Education, p. 626. 497. Class antagonisms, p. 629. 498. Con-
cluding reflexions. National character, p. 632. 499. Transition,
p. 634. 500. Some lessons of history, p. 636.
Index
p. 641.
CHAPTER XVIII.
LANCASTER AND YORK.
299. Character of the period.—300. Plan of the Chapter.—301. The Revo-
lution of 1399.—302. Formal recognition of the new Dynasty.—303.
Parliament of 1399.—304. Conspiracy of the Earls.—305. Beginning
of difficulties.—306. Parliament of 1401.—307. Financialandpolitical
difficulties.—308. Parliament of 1402.—309. RebellionofHotspur.—
310. Parliament of 1404.—311. The unlearned Parliament.—312.
Rebellion OfNorthumberland.—313. The IongParliament of 1406.—
314. Parties formed at court.—315. Parliament at Gloucester, 1407.—
316. Arundel’s administration.—317. Parliament of 1410.—318.
Administration of Thomas Beaufort.—319. Parliament of 1411.—
320. DeathofHenryIV.—321. CharacterofHenryV.—322. Change
of ministers.—323. Parliament of 1413.—324. Sir John Oldcastle.—
325. Parliaments of 1414.—32β. War with France.—327. The re-
maining Parliaments of the reign.—328. The King’s last expedition
and death.—329. Bedford and Gloucester.—330. Arrangement for
the minority of HenryVI.—331. Impolitic conduct of Gloucester.—
332. Quarrel with Bishop Beaufort.—333. Visit of Bedford.—334.
Gloucester’s attempt to govern.—335. Renewed attack on the Cardinal.
—336. Henry’s visit to France and change of ministers.—337. Con-
tinuation of the quarrel.—338. Bedford’s second visit.—339. State
of the government after Bedford’s death.—340. Approaching end of
the war.—341, Character of Henry VI.—342. The king’s marriage.
—343. Death of Gloucester and Beaufort.—344. Administration of
Suffolk.—345. FallofSuffolk.—346. Cade’s rebellion.—347. Struggle
OfSomersetandYork.—348. Firstrisingof the Yorkists.—349. First
regency of the Duke of York.—350. Results of the battle of S. Alban’s.
—351. Secondregency 0fY0rk.—352. SoleruleofHenryandMargaret.
—353. The war of Lancaster and York.—354. The claim of York to
the crown.—355. Accession of Edward IV.—356. Edward’s first
Parliaments.—357. The close of the struggle.—358. The struggle of
the Nevilles.—359. Edward’s supremacy.—360. Reign of EdwaidV.
—361. Richard III.—362. Fall of Richard.—363. The claim of the
house OfLancaster to the name of Constitutional Rulers.—364. Parlia-
y0L. III, в