Migration and Technological Change in Rural Households: Complements or Substitutes?

Temporary migration

-0.23

(1.98)**

Permanent migration

International migration

Number of males in the hh.

-0.269

(2.69)***
0.577

(2.93)***
0.015

0.016

0.032

0.019

-1.56

(2.70)***

(5.34)***

(5.18)***

Number of females in the hh.

-0.005

-0.009

0.004

0.024

-0.41

-1.22

-0.57

(5.14)***

Number of children in the hh.

0.012

-0.008

-0.011

0.006

(2.29)**

(2.27)**

(3.26)***

(2.68)***

Average years of schooling in the hh.

% of land owned

Amount of land operated

% of temple land

% of cash-in land

% of mortgaged-out land

Farm equipment owned

Power means of ploughing

Land-labor ratio

Whether own pond

Self-poor assessment

-0.001

-0.11
0.004
-0.59
0.144

(6.08)***

-0.026

(2.12)**
0.003
-0.06
-0.056

(2.05)**
0.008
-0.78
0.038

(2.45)**

-0.059

(2.16)**
0.064

(3.27)***

-0.071

0.029

-0.009

-0.037

(3.80)***

(2.60)***

-0.77

(5.20)***

Regional dummy

0.133

-0.081

0.052

0.031

(3.69)***

(2.93)***

-1.32

(2.72)***

% of irrigated land

Religion (whether it is Muslim)

0.286

(12.13)***

0.18

-0.031

0.042

Land owned (pae)

(9.26)***

-0.133

-1.61

-0.133

(3.55)***

0.056

[Land owned (pae)]²

(4.08)***

0.043

(4.13)***

0.029

(2.81)***

-0.02

Cattle owned (pae)

0.117

(3.25)***

-0.045

(2.18)**

-0.11

(2.50)**

-0.058

[Cattle owned (pae)]²

(4.61)***

-1.49

(3.67)***

(3.17)***

0.021

0.061

0.017

Family network

-1.06

0.003

(3.14)***

0.307

-1.44

0.094

Most educated in the hh

-0.1

-0.064

(12.06)***

0.048

(5.94)***

0.017

Constant

0.036

(7.88)***

0.02

(5.97)***

-0.095

(3.42)***

-0.153

-0.73

-0.5

(2.01)**

(8.13)***

Instruments:

% temp.migrants in the village

% perm.migrants in the village

% intern.migrants in the village

Observations______________________________

____________3404

0.799

(5.61)***

_________3404

1.015

(5.63)***

_________3404

1.029

(8.77)***

__________3404