The Evolution

The Evolution

9
ticularized version of "tube"); cocaine is clearly powdery (same tex-
ture ), etc .

In contrast the concept "zebra" does not contain with it "Africa,"
nor vice versa (i.e. they are not the same shape, color, or texture);
nor "vodka" within it "Russia" (again no sameness of shape, color or
texture); nor "pizza" within it "Italy"; nor "oil" within it "car," etc

One of the best ways to see the difference between part-whole
and whole-to-whole linking is to consider the words horse, shoe, and
horseshoe. If horse yields horseshoe it must do so by a part-whole
link; if horse yields shoe is must do so by a whole-to-whole link.
Accordingly, if a subject responds shoe to the stimulus horse, there
is no way to tell if he did so by a part-whole or whole-to-whole link
without first knowing whether horse has brought about in this subject's
memory the word shoe or horseshoe. If the subject were to follow up
with the additional response blacksmith (or laces) this uncertainty
would be dispelled.

For more on how to tell a part-whole link from a whole-to-whole
link see the section on link identification.

Note that in many instances one cannot identify the type of a
link by simple inspection. (Eg. if "deception" yields the concept
"placebo," does it do so by a part-whole or whole-to-whole link?)
This important issue of link identification will receive further treat-
ment in the course of this paper.

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