ular biology, developmental biology, ecology etc. Based on our earlier anal-
ysis of biological terms, most biologically significant knowledge of this field
is expressed in terms of concepts that describe processes (events), states, or
stages, and cycles[20]. It is possible to represent the structures in biologi-
cal sciences using the different kinds of inclusion relations, however mod-
eling of processes for knowledge representation is quite challenging. The
major concerns for knowledge representation, are regarding time, change,
sequence, context etc. According to Sandewall, the processes are classified,
based on the complexity, as: discrete or continuous; linear or branching, in-
dependent or ramified; immediate or delayed; sequential or concurrent; pre-
dictable or surprising; normal or equinormal; flat or hierarchical; timeless or
time-bound; forgetful or memory-bound[19]. In a process, basically a state
gets transformed into another state. Such state-transition processes can
also be represented using the Petri nets. At present, the component classes
required to do process modeling are being developed.
Assigning authentic and valid semantic relations to the con-
cepts
Our understanding and expression of knowledge of the world depends on
characterizing and establishing relationships between concepts. Structur-
ing of relationships serve as foundations for organizing knowledge. Rela-
tions are ubiquitous, and play a central role in our mental and external
worlds. “Our mental world—that is, knowledge—is in turn full of rep-
resentations that correspond in salient ways to the external world”[17].
Merely classifying concepts into different organizational layers is not suf-
ficient. Concepts get meaning on the basis of the semantic relations with
other concepts. So, concepts have to be assigned valid and authentic se-
mantic relations.
In figure 3, we present different kinds of semantic relations assigned
for the concepts for representing some of the anatomical details of the
cell and also to represent some of the taxonomic classification. Semantic
relations have been categorized as inclusion (meronymic, class, spatial),
attribution, attachment etc[21]. The relation types used in figure 3 are—
includes, part-of, located-on, wound-around, occurs-in, function, etc. The
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