2.3.3 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is one of the commercial applications that utilized the concepts of ad hoc network
[31]. It can enable low-cost short-time links [9] between wireless devices without depending
on any infrastructure service for communication; hence, ad hoc network technology is the
best solution [9].
2.3.4 Conference room
Conferences or meetings are usually held outside the ordinary offices, consequently there is a
need to connect the mobile devices for effective data and information exchange. Thus, the
infrastructure is missing and a temporal network is required. In such situation, it is clear that
you need to set up an ad hoc network to fit.
2.3.5 Personal area networks (PANs)
Personal Area networks (PANS) are interconnection of technological devices close to human
body (e.g PDAs, Cellular phones, and pagers) that can exchange information in between.
Methods for connecting and exchanging data among these nodes for PANs can exploit the
benefits of ad hoc networks technologies.
2.4 Routing in wireless Ad hoc network
Given the special characteristics of ad hoc networks, routing protocols that adapt to these
characteristics are essential. The dynamic topology is the most important characteristic which
comes because of node mobility. Nodes may change their positions quickly and frequently,
which means that routing protocols are required to adapt these changes. Routing protocols for
wireless ad hoc networks are classified into: unicast, multicast or broadcast routing protocols
[71]. Each group has similar and different routing features. In this section these routing
protocol classifications will be discussed in more details.
2.4.1 Unicast routing protocol
The procedure of delivering information (data or control packets) from one node (Source
node) to another node (Destination node) is called Unicast routing. When there is more than
one destination the source needs to send a number of copies equal to the number of
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