densities, a factor which may severely restrict the potential spread of crazy ant
populations. Putting my results in the context of observations from the field, I suggest
that the future of the crazy ant invasion in southeast Texas will likely consist of
coexistence with fire ants, likely in a patchy distribution of habitat partitioning caused by
environmental factors that affect crazy ant abundance. Further studies, such as large-
scale surveys of invaded sites and closer examinations of invasion fronts, would be useful
in providing additional merit to this hypothesis. Nevertheless, these studies provide a
crucial first exploration of the future of the crazy ant invasion, as well as a demonstration
of the importance of competition between long-established invasive species and newly
introduced species.
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