Income Mobility of Owners of Small Businesses when Boundaries between Occupations are Vague



changed organizational classification in the period. By placing further constraints on the size of the
firm and degree of ownership or control, we can begin to identify small business owners who run their
businesses as widely held firms.7

Thus, in discussing the relationship between income mobility and small business ownership,
the study deploys two definitions of the latter. The first is a narrow definition which includes the self-
employed and owners of closely held firms. The second is a wider definition which in addition to the
categories just mentioned covers some owners of widely held firms. Table 1 presents the number of
observations used in the present study, categorized into wage earners and the two definitions of small
business owner. The wide definition gives us the figures for wage earners, as it places a number of
“wage earners” in widely held firms in the business owner category. It shows that the wide definition
increases the number of business owners substantially. As the years progress, the number of wage
earners decreases and the number of owners of small businesses grows. However, behind this overall
picture, individuals are switching occupations; an issue to which we return in Section 3.

Table 1. Number of observations, 1993-2003

Wage earners (derived
by the wide def. of
small businesses)

Owners of small
businesses, narrow
_______
definition________

Owners of small
businesses, wide

_______definition

1993

769,088

102,178

128,428

1994

767,575

103,601

129,941

1995

765,279

106,604

132,237

1996

765,935

105,246

131,581

1997

765,951

105,456

131,565

1998

764,122

106,603

133,394

1999

764,437

105,892

133,079

2000

763,222

107,104

134,294

2001

762,137

108,736

135,379

2002

762,869

107,911

134,647

2003

________764,341________

106,196________

_______133,175

3.2 Income inequality among business owners and wage earners: individual
versus household data

In most countries, income inequality is higher among the self-employed than among wage earners

(Parker, 2004), and even though we focus on a broader group of business owners, we expect this to

6 Some owners of closely held firms will not be identified as their income is too small to generate positive imputed labor
income under the split model.

7 This method also implies that some owners of closely held firms will be correctly categorized as business owners, i.e. those
who do not report imputed labor income under the split model. They are few compared to the business owners involved in
organizational shifts.



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