statures. Average stature was also related with other characteristics, such as
socioeconomic conditions, business cycles, and other measures for economic
performance (Voth and Leunig, 1996, 2000, and 2006; Oxley, 2003 and 2006; Steckel,
2009, p. 7; Woitek, 2003; Sunder and Woiteck, 2005; Strauss, 1995; Svedburg, 2000;
Steckel, 1983; Cavelaars et al, 2000; Alter and Oris, 2008). Still other studies rely more
heavily on biological explanations, specifically solar radiation, human biology, and
vitamin D production, and a stature-insolation relationship suggests there is a positive
relationship between stature and vitamin D production (Carson, 2008, 2009).
Nonetheless, these stature-insolation studies rely on a single population and are yet to be
confirmed across independent samples.