disaggregated social accounting matrices for the associated countries. Detailed trade flows as
well as information about remaining trade barriers (e.g. estimation of the non-tariff trade
barriers) are necessary. The market structure in the economies in transition is far from perfect
competition, thus several market imperfections in production, in the labor market etc. and
short-time adjustments have to be considered. Important fiscal features of the EU, as the
structural funds and common agricultural policy are still not incorporated. The extension of
the model to capture other greenhouse gases especially N2O and CH4, resulting from
agriculture, might be useful.
References
Armington P. S. (1969), A Theory of Demand for Products Distinguished by Place of
Production, IMF Staff Papers 16, 159-178
Baldwin R., Francois J. and Portes R. (1997), The cost and benefits of eastern enlargement:
the impact on the EU and central Europe, Economic policy, 4/1997
Baumert K., Petkova E., and Barbu D. (1999), Capacity for Climate Economies in Transition
after Kyoto, The regional environmental center for Central and Eastern Europe,
World Resources Institute
Bommer R. (1998), Economic integration and the environment, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Publishing
Bohringer C., Rutherford T. F. (2000), Decomposing the Cost of Kyoto. A Global CGE
Analysis of Multilateral Policy Impacts, ZEW Discussion Paper 00-11, Mannheim
Bohringer C., Loschel A. (2002), The economic impacts of carbon abatement strategies, in: C.
Bohringer, M. Finus and C. Vogt (eds.), Controlling Global Warning,
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing (forthcoming)
Breuss, F., Schebeck F. (1999), Costs and Benefits of EU’s Eastern Enlargement for Austria,
Austria Economic Quarterly, 4, 43-54
Cofala J., Jantzen J. de Haan B.J. (2000), Technical Report on Enlargement, RIVM
DOE (1998), Annual Energy Outlook, Energy Information Administration
EMF-16 Working Group (1999), Economic and Energy System Impacts of the Kyoto
Protocol: Results from the Energy Modeling Forum Study, Stanford Energy
Modeling Forum, Stanford University
23