Kharaj and land proprietary right in the sixteenth century: An example of law and economics

question was about the nature of payment by the landholder to the state - whether it was to be considered
kharaj or rent because this would have determined their status as landowner or cultivator.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arabic

Ibn al-Humam (1316 AH), Sharh Fat ^,h al-Qadir, Cairo, al-Matba'ah al-Kubra, first print,

Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Abidin b. Ibrahim (1980), Rasa'il Ibn Nujaym Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Abidin b. Ibrahim (n.d.), al-Bahr al-Ra’iq Sharh Kanz al-Daqa’iq, Beirut, Dar al-Mitrifah. 2^nd
print.

Ibn al-Qayyim (n.d.) Zad al-Ma’ad , n. p. al-Matba'ah al-Misriyah, vol. 2

al-Khurashi, Muhammad (n.d.) Al-Khurashi `ala Mukhtasar Sidi Khalil, Beirut, Dar Sadir

Qadi Khan, Fakhr al-Din al-Husayn b. Mansur (1282 AH.), Kitab al-Fatawa al-Khaniyh, Cairo, Vol. 3.

al-Sarakhsi, Shams al-Din (1978), Kitab al-Mabsut, Beirut, Dar al-Ma'rifah, 2^nd print.

al-Shafi’i, Muhammad b. Idris (n.d.) al-Umm, n.p. Kitab al-Sha'b, Vol.4.

Thanesari, Jalal al-Din (MS) Risalah dar Bay'-i Aradi, Aligarh, Mawlana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University,
Under Shaifta Collection (Fiqh, Arabia, 24/26).

English

Habib, Irfan (1963) The Agrarian System of Mughal India, New York.

Johansen, Barber (1988), The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent, London, Croom Helm.

Orhanlu, Cengiz (1990), “Kharaj in Ottoman Turkey” in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden - New York, E. J. Brill, New
Edition, Vol. IV, pp.1053-1055.

Shaw, Stanford J. (tr.) (1964) Ottoman Egypt in the Age of the French Revolution by Huseyn Efendi,, Stanford J.
Harvard, Harvard University Press.

Zafarul-Islam (1990), Socio Economic Dimension of Fiqh Literature, Lahore, Research Cell, Dyal Singh Trust Library.

[*] Dr Islahi is Professor of Economics, at the King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. The present
paper is a part of author’s on going research on Muslim Economic Thinking in the 10^th/16^th
Century, financed by the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, which is
thankfully acknowledged.

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