Income Growth and Mobility of Rural Households in Kenya: Role of Education and Historical Patterns in Poverty Reduction

Model                  1           2           3           4

5

Δ dtmrd

0.51

0.03

0.01

-0.17

-1.29

(0.27)

(0.02)

(0.01)

(0.10)

(0.55)

Δ mdist

9.23**

9.55***

9.16***

8.88***

6.88

(2.54)

(3.49)

(2.90)

(2.87)

(1.57)

Δ agehd

2.62

3.63*

4.23*

3.70*

-0.69

(0.97)

(1.95)

(1.84)

(1.80)

(0.15)

Δ agehd2

-0.02

-0.03*

-0.03*

-0.03*

-0.01

(0.84)

(1.79)

(1.65)

(1.65)

(0.19)

Δ educhd

2.42

4.86***

1.61

6.31*

40.48**

(1.22)

(3.29)

(1.07)

(1.87)

(2.23)

Δ malehd

-5.69

30.80***

8.33

15.06

58.37

(0.31)

(2.66)

(0.39)

(0.84)

(1.29)

Δ padofe

102.71***

87.05***

78.52***

79.67***

96.78***

(5.91)

(6.61)

(5.10)

(5.24)

(4.29)

Δ ldcult

1.32

-0.17

1.49

1.21

-0.89

(0.69)

(0.16)

(1.06)

(0.95)

(0.60)

Δ nlvstok

1.26***

0.73***

1.09***

1.06***

0.94***

(3.61)

(3.07)

(4.12)

(4.28)

(3.56)

Δ nmalad

9.01

10.88**

9.83*

11.01**

19.21*

(1.37)

(2.42)

(1.90)

(2.26)

(1.95)

Δ nfemad

12.03**

10.44***

12.70***

12.30***

9.19

(2.38)

(3.08)

(2.96)

(2.88)

(1.51)

Δ month

-2.99

-2.17

-2.17

-2.34

-3.83

(1.54)

(1.28)

(1.49)

(1.61)

(1.55)

Δ grpmem

11.83

2.77

11.03

10.27

5.14

(0.98)

(0.34)

(1.10)

(1.08)

(0.37)

year dummy

-29.90***

109.54***

-12.88*

-8.74

14.87

(3.54)

(9.85)

(1.69)

(1.28)

(0.43)

Lagged Income

-0.67***

(14.24)

LID

-0.57***

-0.47***

0.49*

(6.91)

(3.83)

(1.82)

LID* educhd

-0.02

-0.15*

(1.64)

(1.96)

Observations

R-squared

1324

0.09

1324

0.51

1324

0.42

1324

0.43

1324