The name is absent

Contents

Acknowledgements 3

PART A: Structure of the research 5

1. Introduction 5

1.1 Sample and approach 6

1.2 The nature of the evidence 7

2. A triangular framework for analysis 8

3. The effects of learning: general outcomes 12

3.1 Classifying effects 12

3.2 Confidence 14

PART B: Thematic analysis 16

4. School and initial education 16

5. Learning contexts and learning experiences 18

5.1 Learning context 18

5.2 Learning experience 20

5.3 Conclusions 25

6. Adaptation and change 25

6.1 Getting away/out, doing something for oneself 26

6.2 Sense of purpose and hope 27

6.3 Structure 28

6.4 Self-confidence 29

6.5 Self-awareness, independent thought, autonomy 30

6.6 Problem-solving skills 31

6.7 Knowledge sources 31

7. Family lives 32

7.1 Interactions between parental and children’s learning 33

7.2 Doing a better job as a (grand)parent 35

7.3 Improving family relationships 38