Institutions, Social Norms, and Bargaining Power: An Analysis of Individual Leisure Time in Couple Households

Endnotes

¹ Bianchi, Subaiya, and Kahn (1999) do note, however, that women who are the most economically
dependent upon their partners during a marriage suffer the least following divorce in part because their
partners tend to have relatively low income themselves.

² For example, Lahga and Moreau (2007) find that 13% of men in the German Socioeconomic Panel
report spending no time on housework on weekdays.

³ The effect of power on leisure time at a given point in time is also theoretically uncertain as, if
power is measured by relative wages, there is both an income and a substitution effect of own wages
upon leisure. However, this problem is mitigated somewhat if one needs time to enjoy the goods that
enter the utility function.

⁴ In the US, about one-third of those reporting less than two hours of market work time report less
than thirty minutes of market work time.

⁵ We focus on housework chores exclusive of childcare. While some in the literature include
caregiving activities as housework (Bittman et al 2003), there is evidence both from other work
(Kimmel and Connelly 2007) and within our own samples that caregiving and chores are distinct
activities.

⁶ Years of education is actually encoded based on the level of schooling completed in both countries.

⁷ Unfortunately the coding of SMSA status changed about half way through 2004. We use separate
dummies to identify SMSA status before and after the change.

⁸ The impact of being enrolled in school is not estimated for the Danish sample on work days because
no enrolled persons are observed working more than two hours in a day.

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