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quasi-public corporation may issue revenue bonds in order to finance the project. The
development corporation, however, may be dissolve after the project is finished.
To conclude, examples of formal intersectoral relationships can virtually be found in every
US-American city. Contractual relationships may take various forms and may be differently
institutionalized. In fact, many different formal partnerships have been developed in the US
due to a diversity in partnership contracts and institutions. Redevelopment agencies and
development corporations are unquestionable opposite to traditional public agencies. The
separation of public administration and independent agencies is extremely strong when deal-
driven or project-driven development corporations are formed.
C. Partnership activities
Public-private partnerships provide a means for reducing uncertainty through negotiations and
contractual arrangements. Moreover, collaborative approaches may achieve greater efficiency
in the use of public and private resources. Public-private partnerships are primarily a financial
tool for urban development. In fact, public-private partnerships have contributed to financial
innovations by tailoring complex financial packages.
City governments have many powers that can be used to support development: (1) provision
of financial aid, (2) powers of taxation including the ability to abate taxes, regulations, and
zoning, (3) power of eminent domain, and (4) employment of tax-increment financing.
Different types of partnership activities are best described by Hamlin and Lyons (Hamlin, R.
E.; Lyons, T. S., 1996:37-76) and the CUED (CUED, 1978:197-199). Summarizing both
analyses result in the following set of intersectoral activities and incentives for collaboration.
Figure 3: Partnership activities
|
Types of activities |
Specific Intersectoral activities |
|
financial |
debt capital such as loan guarantees, front-end |
|
not-primarily financial |
land acquisition and assemblage (land Air Rights and TDR; political |