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the property and is equity investor. As a limited partner, the city has no liability for operating
deficits.
D. Summary
The preceding analysis assumes that it is difficult to find an overall typology of public-private
partnerships. Indeed, it is more useful to distinguish intersectoral partnerships concerning
specific partnership elements; that may be: first, public sector involvement and organizational
structure; second, partnership activities; and third, chief objectives and spatial foci.
Figure 4: Formal and Informal Partnerships
Informal Partnership
Formal Partnership
informal
cooperation
• joint planning
efforts
intersectoral
cooperation based on
formal agreements
Organizational
Structure
• DA
• DDA
• OPA
institutionalization of
partnerships through
quasi-public and
private corporations
• Local Dev. Corps.
• Downtown Dev.
Corps.
.ow Public Sector Involvement
high
formal
Formal Partnership
administrative
activities
not-primarily
financial
Types of
Partnership
Activities
Source: own draft
financial activities
city as
‘gift-giver’
• subsidies
• land-write downs
city as ‘equity
partner’
• equity financing
• debt financing