A Principal Components Approach to Cross-Section Dependence in Panels



Suppose data are available on xit and xit and we focus on the regressions

yit = θxit + uit         (RI)

(7)


yit = bxit + cwt + vit (RII)

which differ in that the latter is augmented by wt = PiN=1 uit/N to proxy the
unobserved random factor
zt. It can be shown that, for our baseline DGP, this
proxy is equal to the
first principal component of u up to a scaling factor. To
study the properties of these regressions, we de
fine the sequential probability
limits (
plim) for T →∞and any fixed N

SyNy =plimT-1   tyi2t; SyNx =plimT-1 t yitxit           (8)

T→∞              T→∞

and likewise for the other variables in (6) whose (co)variances are:

E (xi2t) = σ2x = σd2 + σz2

E(di2t) = σ2d
E(εi2t)=σε2
E(xitxjt) = σz2
E(xitdit) = σ2d
E(xitzt) = σz2
E(zt2) = σz2


E(yi2t) = β2σ2d +(β + γ)2σz2 +σε2

E(xityit) = βσd2 +(β + γ)σz2

E(yitzt)=(β+γ)σz2

E(yityjt)=(β + γ)2σz2

E(ztdit) = E(ztεit) = E(ditεit) = 0

The auxiliary regression zt = δxit +ηit implies that yit = (β+γδ)xit+γηit+εit .
Hence, the OLS estimator θ measures (β + γδ) and the residuals Uit estimate
uit = γηit + εit, with variance σ2u E(ui2t)=γ2 (1 - δ)2σz2 + γ2 δ2 σ2d + σε2 and
covariance
σij E(uitujt) = γ2 (1 - δ)2σz2. Then we have wt = PiN=1(γηit +
εit)/N = γ(1 — δ)zt γδdt + εt where dt = N-1 ɪɪi dit and it follows that

E(wt2) = γ2(1 - δ)2σz2 + γ2δ2N-1σ2d + N-1σε2
E(yitwt)=(β+γ)(1 — δ)γσz2 βγδN-1σ2d + N-1σε2
E(xitwt)  =  γ(1 — δ)σz2 γδN-1σ2d;  E(ztwt) = γ(1 — δ)σz2

For our baseline DGP we have

SyNy = β2σd2 + (β + γ)2σz2 +σε2

SwNw = γ2(1 — δ)2σz2 + γ2δ2N-1σ2d + N-1σε2

SxNw = γ[(1 — δ)σz2 N -1δσd2]

SyNw = γ[(β + γ)(1 — δ)σZ N-1βδσd] + N-1σε2


SxNx = σ2d + σz2


SxNz = σz2


SyNx = βσd2 +(β+γ)σz2


SN
zw


= γ(1 — δ)σz2


These results are used in the next sections to analyze the question of how
ʌ ʌ

well does the OLS estimator b (and by comparison θ) measure the true β.



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