Table 5 shows the real economic consequences of both types of direct transport cost
changes. The table shows the employment effect, which is closely related to changes in
production, export, demand private consumption and disposable income. All these real effects
have been derived from changes in costs and prices which influence demand: the total effect
is a reduction in employment of 8423 when externalities are not included and 12654 when
they are. Externalities add therefore approximately 50% to the pure direct effect on
commodity prices and income.
29
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