deconcentration the commuter's new employment location is between the city centre and the
place of residence, for example at a distance of 7 kilometres of the place of residence. The
commuter now no longer needs to cover the distance between the city centre and the new
employment location and so the reduction in the commuting distance is 3 kilometres. The
equation is, similar to (2), as follows:
B = )1W)) !"# xxm=a0x x W(x)dxdy
in which:
(5)
B = average distance of deconcentrated employment from the centre of
the urban region
x = the distance to the centre of the urban region
W(x) = the total of employment at a distance x from the centre; the employ-
ment density function
W = the total of employment within the urban region
dxdy = area within circle at distance x
With respect to W(x) the same assumptions hold as in the case of the density function of the
potential labour force. The land price is supposed to become lower as the distance to the city
centre increases. However, when distances to the city centre increase, the locational
advantages go down, too (Alfonso 1964). This implies that the larger the distance to the city
centre, the less employment there will be. This connection between employment and distance
is again an exponential function (Mills 1972). As this second model also starts from the
assumption of full employment, it follows that the number of employed people in a certain
municipality equals the number of jobs. So, for calculating the average distance between place
of employment and city centre use is made of the number of employed in the different
municipalities in the urban regions. W(x) is formulated with the help of the number of
employed within the municipalities and the distance between the municipalities and the city
centre and is formulated as:
W(x) = C x-τ
in which :
(6)
W(x) = the employment density function
C = the constant
x = distance to the centre of the urban region
τ = the distance gradient
By the concentrated and deconcentrated model the minimum commuting distance is
determined (Hamilton 1982). This is the difference between the commuting distance at full
concentration of employment and the reduction in distance that can be realized in a situation
of deconcentrated employment (see also figure 3). We subtract the reduction in distance in
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