Commuting in multinodal urban systems: An empirical comparison of three alternative models

specific job locations. In actual commuting flows, which are described hereafter in section 6,
this latter assumption is, of course, removed. Besides these assumptions, the cross-traffic
model is also, again, based on the aggregate of the potential labour force and full employment.
Figure 4 shows the direction of commuting according to the cross-traffic model.

The model which results from the presuppositions of cross-traffic model is simpler
than for the concentrated and deconcentrated models. In the cross-traffic model the average
distance of commuting is the weighted average of the number of commuters of each
municipality and the distance to the nearest municipality. In this case, population and
employment density functions are, of course, not needed. The average distance equation of
the cross-traffic model is:

∑ ∑ Pi . dij
i j

C =   _____________ (7)

∑ Pi

in which:

C = average distance of the urban region to employment in the nearest
municipality

P_i     =      the number of commuters of the residential location _i oriented at the

nearest municipality j

d_ij      =      the distance between the residential location _i and the nearest

municipality j

Σ P_i   =      total number of commuters in the urban region.

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