The English Examining Boards: Their route from independence to government outsourcing agencies



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CHAPTER 4 THE EXAMINING BOARDS IN THE 1990S: UNDER
PRESSURE AND LOSING CONTROL...............................................................138

Continuing Attempts to Revalue the ‘Gold Standard’...................................................................143

Education in the 1990s: The policy generators of change...............................................................150

External Issues Affecting the Examining Boards............................................................................160

1 The Examinations Market: Old loyalties to examining boards disappear.................................160

2 The Unification Principle..............................................................................................................170

3 Increasing Regulation: Accountability justifies control..............................................................201

4 The Standards Debate: Are grades norm or criterion referenced?............................................208

Internal Stresses Preoccupy the Boards...........................................................................................223

1 StaffProbIems Resulting from Change.........................................................................................230

2 Upgrading Information Systems and Tracking the Data Explosion..........................................237

3 Not Calling the Tune, but Paying the Piper: The internal financial pressures resulting from
externally-generated change.............................................................................................................242

Looking beneath the 1990s agenda: What was really happening..................................................246

CHAPTER 5 THE A-LEVEL GRADES CRISIS OF SEPTEMBER 2002: THE

BOARDS BECOME HOSTAGES TO FORTUNE..............................................248

1 Redesigning a Qualification: Amateurs instructing professionals..............................................251

2 The September 2002 fiasco: Awarding bodies in the dock..........................................................264

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS: THE BOARDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY ....272

What does the evidence suggest? My answers to my research questions......................................272

What future awaits the boards: public and bureaucratic or independent and democratic?......284

APPENDIX: KEY TO INTERVIEWEES.............................................................293

REFERENCES........................................................................................................294



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