ɜi < > Coimtitiilional Hlslory. [chap.
quite ьо wide in meaning were adopted both in English and
Papaidaim foreign appointments. A new bishop was praised for his cir-
temporaɪ- cumspectiou in. spiritual and temporal things, or a pious hope
was expressed that the church committed to a new pastor wτould
gain both spiritual and temporal advantage from his adminis-
tration. Both these forms however fell far short of any direct
commission of authority such as was used in the Irish and
Scottish cases. In the bull for the appointment of archbishop
Peckham, Nicolas III introduced a more direct bestowal of
authority, nearly resembling that used for Boniface ; but even
then Edward’s attention was caught rather by the over-ruling
of the custom of the realm in elections, than by the form of
nomination : nor did he remonstrate when in the promotion of
John Darlington to the see of Dublin in the same year, the
same pope used the same expression. In a third case, falling
within the same year, the appointment of archbishop Wickwane
to York, the form does not appear1. The precedent thus kept
alive was not followed to any alarming extent until Boniface
VIII, who never omitted an opportunity of turning the shadow
of a claim into the substance of a usurpation, in 1300 attempted
to extend the practice to the see of York : and when Thomas
Corbridge, archbishop elect, went to Home for confirmation, the
Otho to confer the appointment on the bishop of Killaloe, ‘ sibique facias
in Spiritualibus et teɪnporalibus responderi ; ’ Theiner1 p. 37.
1 The bulls by which Kilwardby, the successor of Boniface1 was nomi-
nated are not forthcoming. ThebullforPeckliain1 dated Jan. 28, 12791 has
‘ administrationeιn ejusdem ecclesiae tibi Spiritualiter et temporaliter ple-
11arie COiiimittentes Sbaralea1 Bullar. Franciseanuiii1 iii. 2981 375. That
for Darlington1 Feb. 81 12791has exactly the same words ; Theiner1 p. 119.
That for AVickwane1 Sept. 191 12791 omits them and requests the king to
confer the regalia; Prynne1 iii. 225. In the appointment to S. Andrews
in 1280 and in the confirmation of the next election to Dublin in 1285 the
pious hope only is expressed; Theiner1 pp. 1241 132 ; and generally a wish
for the prosperity of the church in both departmentsis all that is expressed
until the pontificate of BonifaceVIII. In 1292 Boniface uses the direct
form in the provision of the bishops of Koss1 Theiner1 p. 157 ; of Caithness
and Brechin1 pp. 16ι1 164; of S. Andrews, p. 165; and Moray, p. 166.
The next instance is that of the archbishop elect of Dublin, Kichard
Forringes, July I, 1299, where the words used are ‘curam et administra-
tioneιιι ipsius tibi in Spiritualibus et temporalibus Conimittentes ; ’ Theiner1
p. 168. They occur in the confirmation of an abbot of Evesham in 1284 ;
Prynne, iii. 1269. In archbishop Peckham’s bull they are copied from the
appointment of the archbishop of Braga in Portugal, April 6, of the same
year.
Iieiiuiiclatloii of illegal words.
3J9
pope prevailed 011 him to resign the right conferred by elec-
tion and then re-appointed him1, solemnly committing to him
both the spiritual and the temporal administration of his see.
Edward I restored the temporalities, apparently without notic-
ing the innovation ; but when, a month after, the usurpation
came before him on the appointment of an archbishop of Dublin,
the king compelled the new-made prelate to renounce all words The hɪsiɪops
in the Bull that were prejudicial to the royal authority2. The ~J⅛Γ
experiment was again tried in the cases of Orford and Gains- in the papal
borough, and on the latter, who had obtained his appointment d⅛iai to4"
without any reference to the king, Edward’s indignation fell tι°o⅛y?'
heavily ; the bishop only recovered his temporalities by a pay-
ment of 1000 marks3. The renunciation of the olfensive words
in the Bulls of provision afterwards became a regular ceremony
on the restitution of the temporalities. The particular intention
with which Boniface aggravated the papal assumption and the
special causes that prompted Edward’s resistance are not clear,
but it is possible that the king’s suspicions as to the real bent
of the papal policy had been aroused by the recent proceedings
in the matter of clerical taxation and the claim to the supe-
riority of Scotland.
384. In all the cases hitherto cited the pope either had acted
as a judge, or had skilfully availed himself of opportunities
which were brought before him in his capacity as judge. But The popes
, . , , now assume
from the beginning of the fourteenth century his interference in the direct
the appointment of bishops took a new form, and he assumed vacan⅛es.
the patronage as well as the appellate jurisdiction. This was
done by the application to the episcopate of the rights of pro-
1 Corbridge was appointed by a bull dated March g, 1300, containing
the words ‘ Spiritualiter et temporaliter Commendantes ; ’ Prynne, iii. 860.
He received the temporalities by writ of April 30, 1300.
3 The archbishop of Dublin was appointed by a bull of July ι, 1299,
and received his temporalities by writ of June I, 1300. He was thus
appointed before Corbridge, but received his see after him. The words in
his bull have been given in the note, p. 318. His renunciation of the
objectionable words is in Prynne, iii. 865. The king restores the tempo-
ralities ‘ de gratia nostra speciali ; ’ Prynne, iii. 865, 866. See similar
protests under Edward I ; ibid. 1132.
3 Thomas, Survey of Worcester, App. p. 85.