Education and Development: The Issues and the Evidence



Years

First

Second

Third

GER

Level

Level

Level

Level 1

All Developing Countries

1970-5

5.3

7.7

11.9

92.8

1975-80

2.2

5.7

7.1

94.9

1980-88

1.1

3.1

4.5

98.1

Sub Saharan Africa

1970-5

7.4

14.3

13.3

58.1

1975-80

9.4

14.4

14.0

77.1

1980-88

1.8

4.3

8.1

66.7

Arab States

1970-5

5.7

10.2

15.1

73.1

1975-80

4.4

8.8

10.4

79.9

1980-88

4.0

5.9

5.6

83.4

Latin America Caribbean

1970-5

5.1

3.4

17.3

97.0

1975-80

2.9

6.9

6.0

104.8

1980-88

1.5

3.7

4.7

109.3

Eastern Asia Oceania

1970-5

6.9

11.7

11.4

113.2

1975-80

0.6

5.2

15.5

109.7

1980-88

0.8

0.7

7.3

119.9

South Asia

1970-5

3.6

4.6

9.5

75.8

1975-80

2.2

4.6

3.5

77.0

1980-88

3.5

6.0

1.1

88.4

Least Developed Countries

1970-5

7.7

8.3

8.3

1975-80

5.4

5.0

11.1

1980-88

3.5

4.5

6.8

Note First level GERs are for 1975, 1980 and 1990 (projected).

Source: UNESCO 1991 Tables 2.4, 2.5)

Literacy rates have been increasing and in most developing countries literacy amongst
15-19 year olds is greater than in the adult population as a whole suggesting this trend
will continue. However in Sub Saharan Africa (47%), the Arab States (51%) and South
Asia (46%) adult literacy is still low. Illiteracy is concentrated amongst women - in the
least developed countries adult literacy rates for women are 28% compared to 51% for
men (UNESCO 1991:26). India and China account for about 53% of adult illiterates



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