The name is absent

Thus, we find no evidence that generic trade contacts with North America or Western
Europe are associated with a productivity advantage.

Table 8b Direction of trade: highlighting “North”

	(1)^a)	₍₂₎ a)	₍₃₎ a)	Dependent variable : TFP_index				(8)	(9)	(10)
	(1)^a)	₍₂₎ a)	₍₃₎ a)	₍₄₎ a)	(5)^a)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
IⁱE^j (i=N &/or j=N)	0.162	-0.110	0.076		0.066	-0.123	-0.111	-0.059	0.322	0.278
	[0.043]***	[0.057]*	[0.045]		[0.045]	[0.094]	[0.090]	[0.122]	[0.099]***	[0.158]*
IⁱE^j /IE (i=N &/or j=N)				0.001	0.001			-0.001
				[0.000]***	[0.000]***			[0.002]
Import share		0.161	0.048				-0.365
		[0.158]	[0.162]				[0.182]**
Export share		0.082	0.058				-0.017
		[0.071]	[0.075]				[0.088]
IE			0.378		0.534	0.405	0.855	0.224
			[0.228]		[0.236]**	[0.385]	[0.468]*	[0.440]
TFP_index (t-1)						0.704	0.614	0.707
						[0.149]***	[0.145]***	[0.149]***
Age of the firm	1.291	1.269	1.293	1.331	1.306	-0.007	-0.047	-0.007	1.113	0.000
	[0.198]***	[0.195]***	[0.192]***	[0.199]***	[0.193]***	[0.100]	[0.098]	[0.100]	[0.109]***	[0.000]
Sh. of pub. Own.	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000
	[0.002]	[0.002]*	[0.002]*	[0.002]	[0.002]*	[0.001]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]
Sh. of For. Own.	0.004	0.003	0.004	0.005	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.000
	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]*	[0.002]*	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
Constant	1.167	1.168	1.177	1.200	1.196	0.109	0.006	0.198	0.907	0.857
	[0.323]***	[0.356]***	[0.353]***	[0.352]***	[0.342]***	[0.719]	[0.692]	[0.723]	[0.385]**	[0.433]**
Observations	540	540	540	540	540	251	251	251	279	279
R-squared	0.11	0.11	0.12	0.09	0.12
AB						Y	Y	Y
IV									Y
IV-GMM										Y
AR II (no autocorr.)						-0.40	-0.61	-0.33
(P-value)						(0.6876)	(0.5414)	(0.7398)
Hansen- Sargan test						5.02	4.68	5.02	3.875
(P-value)						(0.4139)	(0.4557)	(0.4134)	(0.0491)
Hansen J										1.259
(P-value)										(0.2618)

Notes:

Robust standard errors in brackets;

a) Errors are clustered at the industry-year level.

* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1% ,
All the estimations include year sector, size and location controls.

Summing up, the higher is the firms’ specialization, both as importer and as exporter,
towards a particular geographical area, the higher is their level of productivity. The
advantages do not seem to stem from the potential of technology transfer associated with
trade with developed countries or be generated by the efficiency requirements of these
markets, especially when considering downstream linkages.

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