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Table A.83 Ad valorem equivalents (AVE) of transportation costs on US imports from
Venezuela (AVEs in percent, imports in millions of US dollars)

GTAP code	GTAP sector	Circa 1980 AVE	1980 imports	Circa 2003 AVE	2003 imports
1	Paddy rice	0.0⁸³	0	18.3^B	ND
2	Wheat	12.4^J	ND	2.8^J	ND
3	Cereal grains nec	31.7^B	ND	6.4	0
4	Vegetables, fruit, nuts	57.0	0	34.9	2
5	Oil seeds	4.8	0	4.3	3
6	Sugar cane, sugar beet	72.8	0	4.9⁸	ND
7	Plant-based fibers	25.0^B	ND	14.1⁹⁹	0
8	Crops nec	3.6	12	4.9	13
9	Bovine cattle, sheep and goats	15.5	1	14.4	0
10	Animal products nec	14.8	0	16.9	0
12	Wool, silkworm cocoons	5.8^B	ND	2.2^B	ND
13	Forestry	12.9	3	64.5	0
14	Fishing	5.5	16	5.0	78
15	Coal	10.2^B	ND	16.0	156
16	Oil	4.2	1,695	4.0	8,314
17	Gas	15.2	2	4.8	587
18	Minerals nec	0.4	19	22.5	5
19	Bovine meat products	40.1^B	ND	2.3^B	ND
20	Meat products nec	5.3^B	ND	6.4	0
21	Vegetable oils and fats	24.3	0	58.6	0
22	Dairy products	5.3^B	ND	10.0	0
23	Processed rice	20.3^B86	ND	22.0^B	ND
24	Sugar containing products	0.0⁸⁴	0	11.7	3
25	Food products nec	7.2	8	6.8	29
26	Beverages and tobacco products	13.2	0	10.1	4
27	Textiles	15.9	0	8.3	1
28	Wearing apparel	12.6	0	9.4	1
29	Leather products	16.3	0	8.5	0
30	Wood products	11.6	0	14.0	7
31	Paper products, publishing	8.1	1	12.1	8
32	Petroleum, coal products	4.6	3,364	6.0	1,699
33	Chemical, rubber, plastic products	13.7	1	6.0	1,525
34	Mineral products nec	13.4	2	26.7	108
35	Ferrous metals	21.0	108	8.6	268
36	Metals nec	3.5	8	2.8	341
37	Metal products	9.1	1	4.8	32
38	Motor vehicles and parts	11.0	6	4.3	162
39	Transport equipment nec	1.3	7	3.7	4
40	Electronic equipment	2.1	1	4.3	2
41	Machinery and equipment nec	6.2	4	5.2	26
42	Manufactures nec	1.2	3	1.5	18
Weighted average of AVEs		4.8		4.9
Total imports			5,261		13,398
ND = no data, 83	= 1983 rate, J = Japan rate, B = Brazil rate, B86 =	Brazil 1986 rate, 84 =	1984 rate, 8 =	crops not elsewhere classified (nec)

rate, 99 = 1999 rate

Notes: Ad valorem equivalents of transport costs are taken as the sum of transport charges divided by import values at the 5 digit SITC
revision 2 level under each GTAP code. Uncoded circa 1980 AVEs are the simple average of available AVE estimates from 1979, 1980, and
1981; likewise for the circa 2003 AVEs with available 2002, 2003, and 2004 estimates. A concordance between SITC revision 2 and GTAP
is derived from CEPII (2007). For duplicate SITC codes in the CEPII mapping the mode GTAP sector was used. Weighted averages are
weighted by shares of 1980 or 2003 imports; rates used to fill in missing data are not considered.

Source: Hummels (2007); authors' calculations.

131

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