4. There are large opportunity costs—investment in the offspring precludes investment in
other beneficial activities. In this case, investment directed toward the offspring would
be more profitably directed towards:
a. existing offspring.
b. the mother’s own survival, growth, and development, and thus her ability to invest
in future offspring.
c. finding a better mate.
During our evolutionary history, investment by others was key to reducing the costs of
child-rearing and increasing infant viability. Lack of social support, even in populations with
access to modern health care, correlated in one study with lower birth weight babies, lower
scores on the 5 minute Apgar test (which rates respiratory effect, muscle tone, heart rate, reflex
irritability, and skin color 5 minutes after delivery) and labor difficulties (Collins et al., 1993).
Numerous developmental problems can also significantly reduce infant viability. Poor
neonatal functioning should be associated with negative affect. In addition to obvious infant
problems, reliable predictors of infant problems, particularly those predictors that occur
prepartum, would be very useful to ancestral mothers attempting to evaluate offspring viability.
Pregnancy and delivery problems like gestational diabetes, pregnancy induced hypertension,
and abnormal presentation are significant predictors of high child malformation and mortality
rates even when mothers have access to modern medical care (see table 3; also see footnote 3
for possible confounding factors).
Study |
Outcome |
Acien, 1996 |
The perinatal mortality rates in breech presentations were more than |
Ananth CV; Savitz DA; Bowes |
Hypertensive disorders were found to have a strong adverse impact on |
Beischer NA; Wein P; Sheedy |
Gestational diabetes was associated with a significantly higher rate of |
de Courcy-Wheeler RH, et al., |
Small size for gestational age (itself a strong predictor of perinatal |
Gupta V; Bhatia BD; Mishra |
20% of babies born through meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) |
Hawthorne G; Snodgrass A; |
The perinatal mortality (PNM) in women with gestational glucose |
Omu AE, et al., 1996 |
Despite the economic expenditure of about five times more for |
Schieber B, et al., 1994 |
Prematurity, malpresentation, and prolonged labor accounted for |
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