stocked in 11 hospitals ranged from 5
to 9 antidotes (mean 6.5 ± 1.2) but no
hospital stocked all the 12. All hospi-
tals stocked an adequate supply of cal-
cium gluconate, dobutamine,
dopamine, diazepam, sodium bicar-
bonate. In contrast, polyethylene gly-
col was the only one from this list that
was not available at any hospitals.
This study revealed that not all anti-
dotes were available, however, those
that are in stock were stocked in ade-
quate quantities for the initial treat-
ment of often one case of sever poi-
soning. No hospital had adequate
stock of all the 37 antidotes present in
the two lists. Overall, the average
number of antidotes adequately
stocked was 14.7 per hospital.
Analysis of data according to Dart et al
guidelines for stocking of 16 emergen-
cy antidotes in the US showed that the
rate of sufficient stocking for individual
antidotes ranged from zero (for digox-
in-specific Fab antibodies) to 100%
(for atropine). Number of adequately
stocked antidotes per hospital ranged
from 4-7. Calcium gluconate, sodium
bicarbonate, atropine and nalaxone
antidotes were available at all hospi-
tals (Table 3).
Table 1: Antidote list 1 (n=25): The frequency of stocking of the specific antidotes
at different hospitals. The antidotes listed below should be available within four hours
of poisoning.
|
______Antidote______ |
Frequency (n = 11) |
______Antidote_______ |
Frequency (n = 11) |
|
________Antivenin________ |
______________1______________ |
_______Naloxone_______ |
___________11___________ |
|
________Atropine________ |
___________11___________ |
______Neostigmine______ |
___________11___________ |
|
_____N-acetylcystine |
2 |
_______Octreotide_______ |
6 |
|
Digoxin immune Fab |
_________NA_________ |
______Obidoxime______ |
____________4____________ |
|
______Dimercaprol______ |
______________1______________ |
______Penicillamine______ |
_________NA_________ |
|
_____Deferoxamine_____ |
____________4____________ |
_____Physostigmine_____ |
_________NA_________ |
|
_________Ethanol_________ |
_________NA_________ |
2-PAM |
_________NA_________ |
|
________EDTA_______ |
____________4____________ |
Protamine sulphate |
___________11___________ |
|
______Folinic injection |
4 |
Sodium thiosulfate |
1 |
|
Folic acid injection |
_________NA_________ |
_______Succimer_______ |
_________NA_________ |
|
_______Flumazenil_______ |
__________10__________ |
_______Thiamine_______ |
_________NA_________ |
|
______Fomepizole______ |
_________NA_________ |
Vit k1(Phytonadione) |
11 |
|
_______Glucagon_______ |
_________NA_________ |
EDTA: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, NA: not available, 2-PAM: pralidoxim
efim∏Ultpf Hfdftfl
Table 2: Antidotes List 2 (n=12): The frequency of stocking of the specific anti-
dotes at different hospitals. The antidotes listed below should be available within one
hour of poisoning.
|
______Antidote______ |
Frequency (n = 11) |
______Antidote_______ |
Frequency (n = 11) |
|
Activated charcoal |
____________3____________ |
_____Methylene blue_____ |
_____________3_____________ |
|
Calcium gluconate |
___________11___________ |
______Diazepam______ |
___________11___________ |
|
______Dantrolene_______ |
_______________1_______________ |
_____Phentolamine_____ |
_______________1_______________ |
|
_____Dobutamine_____ |
___________11___________ |
_____Pyridoxine (B6)_____ |
_______________1_______________ |
|
______Dopamine______ |
___________11___________ |
Polyethylene glycol |
_________NA_________ |
|
______Epinephrine______ |
____________9____________ |
Sodium bicarbonate |
___________11___________ |
NA: not available
OJHAS Vol 5 Issue 4(4) - Sawalha AF, Sweileh WM, Zyoud SH, Al-Jabi SW. Antidote Stocking at Hospitals in North Palestine