The name is absent



Chapter 4

potential more negative. Divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) can make kaolinite zeta
potential less negative; while some anions (HCO3', CO32', HSiO3', H3SiO4' and
C6H5O?') can make kaolinite zeta potential more negative. Silicate ions have the
largest effect on kaolinite zeta potential change than other anions. This is
consistent with the results in Table 4.10, in which silicate has larger adsorption
equilibrium constants than other ions to make zeta potential of kaolinite more
negative.

4.4. Reference

[1] B. D. Sparksa, L. S.Kotlyara, J.B. O’Carrolla, K.H. Chung, Athabasca oil
sands: effect of organic coated solids on bitumen recovery and quality, J. Pet.
Sei. Eng., 2003, 39, 417-430.

[2] E. Tombacz, M. Szekeres, Surface charge heterogeneity of kaolinite in
aqueous suspension in comparison with montmorillonite, Appl. Clay Sci.,
2006, 34, 105-124.

[3] S. S. Lee, E. Matijevic, Surface and colloid chemistry of clays, Chem. Rev.,
1974, 74, 385-400.

[4] Van Olphen, H. An introduction to clay colloid chemistry. Interscience
Publishes, NewYork, 1977.

[5] Zhou, Z.; Gunter, W. D. The nature of the surface charge of kaolinite. Clays
Clay Miner. 1992, 40 (3), 365-368.

[6] Takamura, K.; Chow R. S. The electric properties of the bitumen/ water
interface II. Application of the ionizable surface-group model. Colloids Surf.
1985, 15, 35-48.

[7] S. Liu, Alkaline surfactant polymer enhanced oil recovery process, PhD
thesis, Rice University, 2008.

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