CHINESE HISTORY AND CH’ING INSTITUTIONS
19
26. On the censorial system inherited by the Ch’ing, see Charles Hucker, The Censorial
System of Ming China (Stanford, 1966).
27. Richard J. Smith, “Chinese Military Institutions in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,
1850-1860," Journal of Asian History 8, no. 2 (1974), especially pp. 125-145.
28. See John Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China (New York and
London. 1972).
29. Ho, The Ladder, chapter 7.
30. Ichisada Miyazaki, China's Examination Hell, translated by Conrad Schirokauer
(New York and Tokyo, 1976).
31. Chang Chung-Ii, The Chinese Gentry (Seattle and London, 1955), pp. 95, 120-137,
and 165-209.
32. Ho, The Ladder, pp. 24-27 and 34-38.
33. See Frederic Wakeman, The Fall of Imperial China (New York and London, 1975),
pp. 19-35.
34. Frederic Wakeman, “Introduction," in Wakeman and Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict
and Control in Late Imperial China (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London. 1975). p. 14.
35. John K. Fairbank. “The Manchu-Chinese Dyarchy in the 1840’s and ,50,s," Far
Eastern Quarterly 12. no. 3 (May 1953): 265-278.
36. Hellmut Wilhelm, “Chinese Confucianism on the Eve of the Great Encounter,” in
Marius Jansen, ed., Changing Japanese Altitudes Toward Modernization (Princeton, 1969),
pp. 288-289.
37. Chang, Chinese Gentry, pp. 116-117, 139.
38. Balazs, Chinese Civilization, pp. 3-27, especially 17; also chapter 5 of this book, notes
7 and 18.
39. Hsiao Kung-ch'iian, Rural China: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century
(Seattle and London, 1967), especially chapters 2, 3. and 4.
40. Walt, The District Magistrate, p. 14.
41. Wakeman, TheFaII, pp. 30-34.
42. K. C. Liu, “Nineteenth-Century China,” in P. T. Ho and Tang Tsou, eds., China in
Crisis (Chicago, 1968), vol. 1, book 1, p. 117.
43. Ho, The Ladder, pp. 162-165.
44. Hsiao, Rural China, chapter 8.
45. G. William Skinner, “Chinese Peasants and the Closed Community: An Open and
Shut Case,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 13, no. 3 (July 1971): 272.