Globalization, Redistribution, and the Composition of Public Education Expenditures

Label

Description

Source

Dependent variables

Primary/Student

Primary education expenditures per student di-
vided by GDP per capita

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Secondary/Student

Secondary education expenditures per student di-
vided by GDP per capita

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Tertiary/Student

Tertiary education expenditures per student di-
vided by GDP per capita

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Control variables and instruments

Total/Student

Total education expenditures per student divided
by GDP per capita

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Globalization

KOF index of globalization

Dreher (2006)

Population

Population size

Penn World Table 6.3

Gov. share

Government expenditures as share of GDP

Penn World Table 6.3

GDP p. c.

(real) GDP per capita

Penn World Table 6.3

Ideology

Index of government ideology with respect to eco-
nomic policy, left-wing=1, else 0

Own calculation based
on DPI 2006 Dataset
(Beck et al., 2001)

Aid

Development aid /GDP

World Development In-
dicators

Primary enrollment

Gross enrollment rate in primary education

World Development In-
dicators

Secondary enrollment

Gross enrollment rate in secondary education

World Development In-
dicators

Tertiary enrollment

Gross enrollment rate in tertiary education

World Development In-
dicators

Primary pop.

School age population - Primary, as share of total
population

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Secondary pop.

School age population - Secondary, as share of to-
tal population

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Tertiary pop.

School age population - Tertiary, as share of total
population

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Additional dependent variables for
sensitivity analysis

Primary/ Total edu.
exp.

Primary education expenditures as share of total
education expenditures (logit transformation)

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Secondary/Total edu.
exp.

Secondary education expenditures as share of total
education expenditures (logit transformation)

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics

Tertiary/Total    edu.

exp.

Tertiary education expenditures as share of total
education expenditures (logit transformation)

UNESCO Institute for
Statistics