Globalization, Redistribution, and the Composition of Public Education Expenditures



Table 2: Globalization and education expenditures in 1999-2006, Baseline models

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

FE 1
b∕t

FE 2
b∕t

IV
b∕t

IV & CL
b∕t

FE 1
b∕t

FE 2
b∕t

IV
b∕t

IV & CL
b∕t

FE 1
b∕t

FE 2
b∕t

IV
b∕t

IV & CL
b∕t

Education exp.

0.676***

0.677***

0.278*

0.278

1.081***

1.080***

1.862***

1.862***

5.198***

5.183***

3.345

3.345

(12.184)

(12.181)

(1.757)

(1.349)

(9.603)

(9.560)

(4.105)

(3.370)

(3.582)

(3.580)

(1.247)

(0.993)

Population

-0.011

-0.010

-0.047**

-0.047*

0.022

0.021

0.095*

0.095

0.203

0.198

0.015

0.015

(-1.057)

(-1.018)

(-2.281)

(-1.785)

(1.579)

(1.552)

(1.826)

(1.553)

(1.046)

(1.015)

(0.034)

(0.029)

Gov. share

-0.003

0.004

0.052

0.052

-0.078

-0.087

-0.168

-0.168

-3.234

-3.309

-3.132

-3.132

(-0.042)

(0.061)

(0.698)

(0.592)

(-0.575)

(-0.637)

(-1.015)

(-0.853)

(-1.379)

(-1.397)

(-1.388)

(-1.171)

GDP p. c.

0.186*

0.164

0.173

0.173

0.439**

0.465**

0.503*

0.503

-1.344

-1.119

-1.072

-1.072

(1.727)

(1.573)

(1.360)

(1.102)

(2.038)

(2.140)

(1.715)

(1.345)

(-0.516)

(-0.437)

(-0.415)

(-0.342)

Ideology

-0.029

-0.028

-0.156

-0.156

-0.058

-0.060

0.096

0.096

3.315

3.303

2.811

2.811

(-0.113)

(-0.111)

(-0.596)

(-0.542)

(-0.110)

(-0.113)

(0.171)

(0.135)

(0.966)

(0.977)

(0.853)

(0.967)

Globalization

0.161**

-0.088

-0.097

-0.097

-0.124

0.168

0.194

0.194

-2.642**

-0.141

-0.205

-0.205

(2.521)

(-1.279)

(-1.237)

(-1.214)

(-1.228)

(1.285)

(1.155)

(0.919)

(-1.972)

(-0.178)

(-0.257)

(-0.228)

Glob. × Dev.

0.277***

0.273***

0.273***

-0.325*

-0.283

-0.283

-2.783**

-2.945**

-2.945**

(3.273)

(2.944)

(2.846)

(-1.816)

(-1.463)

(-1.215)

(-2.050)

(-2.053)

(-1.976)

Glob, at Dev=I

0.189***

0.176**

0.176**

-0.156

-0.090

-0.090

-2.924**

-3.149*

-3.149*

N

448

448

445

445

448

448

436

436

445

445

443

443

F

27.142

25.611

13.031

7.248

26.455

25.244

10.461

8.468

5.947

5.570

5.433

3.239

RMS error

1.334

1.323

1.536

1.536

2.480

2.472

2.930

2.930

30.816

30.765

31.052

31.052

Overidentification test

0.992

0.996

0.334

0.518

0.169

0.394

Relevance test

0.001

0.095

0.040

0.319

0.001

0.144

1 Stars indicate significance levels at 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1%(***)

2 !-statistics in parentheses

3 Cross-section and year fixed effects included in all models

4 The marginal effect of globalization in developing countries is reported in the row entitled Glob, at Dev=I

5 The p-values for the overidentification and relevance tests are reported at the bottom of the table



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