Table 2: Globalization and education expenditures in 1999-2006, Baseline models
|
Primary |
Secondary |
Tertiary | ||||||||||
|
FE 1 |
FE 2 |
IV |
IV & CL |
FE 1 |
FE 2 |
IV |
IV & CL |
FE 1 |
FE 2 |
IV |
IV & CL | |
|
Education exp. |
0.676*** |
0.677*** |
0.278* |
0.278 |
1.081*** |
1.080*** |
1.862*** |
1.862*** |
5.198*** |
5.183*** |
3.345 |
3.345 |
|
(12.184) |
(12.181) |
(1.757) |
(1.349) |
(9.603) |
(9.560) |
(4.105) |
(3.370) |
(3.582) |
(3.580) |
(1.247) |
(0.993) | |
|
Population |
-0.011 |
-0.010 |
-0.047** |
-0.047* |
0.022 |
0.021 |
0.095* |
0.095 |
0.203 |
0.198 |
0.015 |
0.015 |
|
(-1.057) |
(-1.018) |
(-2.281) |
(-1.785) |
(1.579) |
(1.552) |
(1.826) |
(1.553) |
(1.046) |
(1.015) |
(0.034) |
(0.029) | |
|
Gov. share |
-0.003 |
0.004 |
0.052 |
0.052 |
-0.078 |
-0.087 |
-0.168 |
-0.168 |
-3.234 |
-3.309 |
-3.132 |
-3.132 |
|
(-0.042) |
(0.061) |
(0.698) |
(0.592) |
(-0.575) |
(-0.637) |
(-1.015) |
(-0.853) |
(-1.379) |
(-1.397) |
(-1.388) |
(-1.171) | |
|
GDP p. c. |
0.186* |
0.164 |
0.173 |
0.173 |
0.439** |
0.465** |
0.503* |
0.503 |
-1.344 |
-1.119 |
-1.072 |
-1.072 |
|
(1.727) |
(1.573) |
(1.360) |
(1.102) |
(2.038) |
(2.140) |
(1.715) |
(1.345) |
(-0.516) |
(-0.437) |
(-0.415) |
(-0.342) | |
|
Ideology |
-0.029 |
-0.028 |
-0.156 |
-0.156 |
-0.058 |
-0.060 |
0.096 |
0.096 |
3.315 |
3.303 |
2.811 |
2.811 |
|
(-0.113) |
(-0.111) |
(-0.596) |
(-0.542) |
(-0.110) |
(-0.113) |
(0.171) |
(0.135) |
(0.966) |
(0.977) |
(0.853) |
(0.967) | |
|
Globalization |
0.161** |
-0.088 |
-0.097 |
-0.097 |
-0.124 |
0.168 |
0.194 |
0.194 |
-2.642** |
-0.141 |
-0.205 |
-0.205 |
|
(2.521) |
(-1.279) |
(-1.237) |
(-1.214) |
(-1.228) |
(1.285) |
(1.155) |
(0.919) |
(-1.972) |
(-0.178) |
(-0.257) |
(-0.228) | |
|
Glob. × Dev. |
0.277*** |
0.273*** |
0.273*** |
-0.325* |
-0.283 |
-0.283 |
-2.783** |
-2.945** |
-2.945** | |||
|
(3.273) |
(2.944) |
(2.846) |
(-1.816) |
(-1.463) |
(-1.215) |
(-2.050) |
(-2.053) |
(-1.976) | ||||
|
Glob, at Dev=I |
0.189*** |
0.176** |
0.176** |
-0.156 |
-0.090 |
-0.090 |
-2.924** |
-3.149* |
-3.149* | |||
|
N |
448 |
448 |
445 |
445 |
448 |
448 |
436 |
436 |
445 |
445 |
443 |
443 |
|
F |
27.142 |
25.611 |
13.031 |
7.248 |
26.455 |
25.244 |
10.461 |
8.468 |
5.947 |
5.570 |
5.433 |
3.239 |
|
RMS error |
1.334 |
1.323 |
1.536 |
1.536 |
2.480 |
2.472 |
2.930 |
2.930 |
30.816 |
30.765 |
31.052 |
31.052 |
|
Overidentification test |
0.992 |
0.996 |
0.334 |
0.518 |
0.169 |
0.394 | ||||||
|
Relevance test |
0.001 |
0.095 |
0.040 |
0.319 |
0.001 |
0.144 | ||||||
1 Stars indicate significance levels at 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1%(***)
2 !-statistics in parentheses
3 Cross-section and year fixed effects included in all models
4 The marginal effect of globalization in developing countries is reported in the row entitled Glob, at Dev=I
5 The p-values for the overidentification and relevance tests are reported at the bottom of the table