Globalization, Redistribution, and the Composition of Public Education Expenditures



Table 3: Globalization and education expenditures in 1999-2006, Robustness checks, Seperate samples for industrialized
AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Industrialized countries

Developing countries

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

P (OLS)
b∕t

P (FE)
b∕t

S (OLS)
b∕t

S (FE)
b∕t

T (OLS)
b∕t

T (FE)
b∕t

P (OLS)
b∕t

P (FE)
b∕t

S (OLS)
b∕t

S (FE)
b∕t

T (OLS)
b∕t

T (FE)
b∕t

Education exp.

0.526***

0.322***

1.046***

1.966***

0.895***

-0.576

0.380***

0.318

1.969***

1.429***

14.501***

4.600

(6.543)

(3.435)

(15.676)

(6.117)

(4.462)

(-1.406)

(5.177)

(0.925)

(7.380)

(4.754)

(7.241)

(1.241)

Population

0.005

0.077

0.005

-0.032

-0.013*

-0.076

-0.002**

-0.049

-0.004

0.057

-0.078**

0.169

(1.400)

(1.546)

(1.514)

(-0.329)

(-1.774)

(-0.432)

(-2.199)

(-1.275)

(-1.592)

(1.238)

(-2.489)

(0.368)

Gov. share

0.167

0.291**

-0.321***

-0.829***

1.101***

2.303***

0.069**

0.043

0.023

-0.099

1.256

-3.364

(1.304)

(2.187)

(-3.591)

(-3.333)

(3.804)

(4.392)

(1.973)

(0.577)

(0.270)

(-0.716)

(0.993)

(-1.369)

GDP p. c.

-0.049

0.211***

-0.212***

-0.280

0.636***

0.532

-0.005

0.208

-0.214**

0.839*

-0.803

-0.731

(-1.259)

(2.661)

(-5.552)

(-1.590)

(7.710)

(1.577)

(-0.136)

(0.797)

(-2.152)

(1.874)

(-0.777)

(-0.188)

Ideology

-1.494***

-0.039

0.014

0.036

1.096

-0.911

0.695

-0.175

-2.538**

1.166

-11.880

8.275

(-3.170)

(-0.203)

(0.032)

(0.080)

(0.876)

(-0.845)

(1.440)

(-0.314)

(-2.064)

(0.887)

(-0.958)

(1.104)

Globalization

-0.164***

-0.099

0.008

0.011

0.508***

0.430

0.100***

0.168**

-0.228***

-0.126

-5.493***

-2.800

(-5.490)

(-1.540)

(0.250)

(0.084)

(7.097)

(1.336)

(5.064)

(2.377)

(-4.060)

(-0.910)

(-7.725)

(-1.396)

N

143

143

143

143

143

143

302

302

293

293

300

300

F

18.658

15.489

37.951

12.156

46.547

4.641

9.550

12.416

7.214

7.935

7.655

5.251

RMS error

1.993

0.668

2.039

1.318

5.241

3.192

3.574

1.766

7.902

3.027

95.033

37.722

Overidentification test

0.000

0.755

0.019

0.440

0.001

0.116

0.709

0.995

0.001

0.175

0.000

0.179

Relevance test

0.000

0.002

0.000

0.005

0.000

0.001

0.000

0.020

0.000

0.025

0.000

0.030

1 Stars indicate significance levels at 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1%(***)

2 t-statistics in parentheses

3 Cross-section and year fixed effects included in all models

4 The р-values for the overidentification and relevance tests are reported at the bottom of the table



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