Table 3: Globalization and education expenditures in 1999-2006, Robustness checks, Seperate samples for industrialized
AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
|
Industrialized countries |
Developing countries | |||||||||||
|
Primary |
Secondary |
Tertiary |
Primary |
Secondary |
Tertiary | |||||||
|
P (OLS) |
P (FE) |
S (OLS) |
S (FE) |
T (OLS) |
T (FE) |
P (OLS) |
P (FE) |
S (OLS) |
S (FE) |
T (OLS) |
T (FE) | |
|
Education exp. |
0.526*** |
0.322*** |
1.046*** |
1.966*** |
0.895*** |
-0.576 |
0.380*** |
0.318 |
1.969*** |
1.429*** |
14.501*** |
4.600 |
|
(6.543) |
(3.435) |
(15.676) |
(6.117) |
(4.462) |
(-1.406) |
(5.177) |
(0.925) |
(7.380) |
(4.754) |
(7.241) |
(1.241) | |
|
Population |
0.005 |
0.077 |
0.005 |
-0.032 |
-0.013* |
-0.076 |
-0.002** |
-0.049 |
-0.004 |
0.057 |
-0.078** |
0.169 |
|
(1.400) |
(1.546) |
(1.514) |
(-0.329) |
(-1.774) |
(-0.432) |
(-2.199) |
(-1.275) |
(-1.592) |
(1.238) |
(-2.489) |
(0.368) | |
|
Gov. share |
0.167 |
0.291** |
-0.321*** |
-0.829*** |
1.101*** |
2.303*** |
0.069** |
0.043 |
0.023 |
-0.099 |
1.256 |
-3.364 |
|
(1.304) |
(2.187) |
(-3.591) |
(-3.333) |
(3.804) |
(4.392) |
(1.973) |
(0.577) |
(0.270) |
(-0.716) |
(0.993) |
(-1.369) | |
|
GDP p. c. |
-0.049 |
0.211*** |
-0.212*** |
-0.280 |
0.636*** |
0.532 |
-0.005 |
0.208 |
-0.214** |
0.839* |
-0.803 |
-0.731 |
|
(-1.259) |
(2.661) |
(-5.552) |
(-1.590) |
(7.710) |
(1.577) |
(-0.136) |
(0.797) |
(-2.152) |
(1.874) |
(-0.777) |
(-0.188) | |
|
Ideology |
-1.494*** |
-0.039 |
0.014 |
0.036 |
1.096 |
-0.911 |
0.695 |
-0.175 |
-2.538** |
1.166 |
-11.880 |
8.275 |
|
(-3.170) |
(-0.203) |
(0.032) |
(0.080) |
(0.876) |
(-0.845) |
(1.440) |
(-0.314) |
(-2.064) |
(0.887) |
(-0.958) |
(1.104) | |
|
Globalization |
-0.164*** |
-0.099 |
0.008 |
0.011 |
0.508*** |
0.430 |
0.100*** |
0.168** |
-0.228*** |
-0.126 |
-5.493*** |
-2.800 |
|
(-5.490) |
(-1.540) |
(0.250) |
(0.084) |
(7.097) |
(1.336) |
(5.064) |
(2.377) |
(-4.060) |
(-0.910) |
(-7.725) |
(-1.396) | |
|
N |
143 |
143 |
143 |
143 |
143 |
143 |
302 |
302 |
293 |
293 |
300 |
300 |
|
F |
18.658 |
15.489 |
37.951 |
12.156 |
46.547 |
4.641 |
9.550 |
12.416 |
7.214 |
7.935 |
7.655 |
5.251 |
|
RMS error |
1.993 |
0.668 |
2.039 |
1.318 |
5.241 |
3.192 |
3.574 |
1.766 |
7.902 |
3.027 |
95.033 |
37.722 |
|
Overidentification test |
0.000 |
0.755 |
0.019 |
0.440 |
0.001 |
0.116 |
0.709 |
0.995 |
0.001 |
0.175 |
0.000 |
0.179 |
|
Relevance test |
0.000 |
0.002 |
0.000 |
0.005 |
0.000 |
0.001 |
0.000 |
0.020 |
0.000 |
0.025 |
0.000 |
0.030 |
1 Stars indicate significance levels at 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1%(***)
2 t-statistics in parentheses
3 Cross-section and year fixed effects included in all models
4 The р-values for the overidentification and relevance tests are reported at the bottom of the table