Globalization, Redistribution, and the Composition of Public Education Expenditures



Table 4: Giobaiization and education expenditures in 1999-2006, Robustness checks, Various
specifications

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Outlier
b/t

Budget
b/t

Aid
b/t

Outlier
b/t

Budget
b/t

Aid
b/t

Outlier
b/t

Budget
b/t

Aid
b/t

Education exp.

0.346**

0.275*

1.345***

1.831***

0.159

3.345

(2.534)

(1.748)

(3.008)

(4.164)

(0.352)

(1.279)

Population

-0.038**

-0.001

-0.048**

0.030

0.001

0.094*

-0.235***

-0.001

0.055

(-2.160)

(-1.257)

(-2.344)

(0.639)

(1.538)

(1.821)

(-4.125)

(-0.697)

(0.125)

Gov. share

0.107**

0.003

0.049

-0.206*

-0.013*

-0.151

0.294

-0.014*

-2.723

(2.099)

(0.668)

(0.658)

(-1.745)

(-1.944)

(-0.936)

(0.656)

(-1.656)

(-1.257)

GDP p. c.

0.086

0.001

0.173

0.150

-0.002

0.501*

0.548

0.009

-1.049

(0.963)

(0.138)

(1.355)

(0.962)

(-0.298)

(1.718)

(1.469)

(0.831)

(-0.408)

Ideology

-0.074

-0.009

-0.149

-0.320

0.021

0.049

-0.679

-0.003

1.994

(-0.315)

(-0.665)

(-0.570)

(-1.002)

(1.286)

(0.093)

(-0.664)

(-0.128)

(0.643)

Primary enrollment

0.001

(0.468)

Primary pop.

0.055***

(2.634)

Secondary enrollment

-0.000

(-0.251)

Secondary pop.

0.030

(1.317)

Tertiary enrollment

0.003

(1.116)

Tertiary pop.

-0.019

(-0.532)

Aid

0.050

-0.195

-5.326*

(0.707)

(-0.938)

(-1.650)

Globalization

-0.118

0.003

-0.097

0.045

-0.001

0.191

0.453

0.020**

-0.222

(-1.645)

(0.474)

(-1.230)

(0.405)

(-0.195)

(1.152)

(1.549)

(2.404)

(-0.278)

Glob. × Dev.

0.232***

0.006

0.274***

-0.216*

-0.003

-0.288

-0.856**

-0.025**

-3.057**

(2.947)

(0.899)

(2.942)

(-1.665)

(-0.439)

(-1.492)

(-2.125)

(-2.412)

(-2.127)

Glob. at Dev=1

0.114***

0.009**

0.177**

-0.171**

-0.005

-0.097

-0.404*

-0.006

-3.279**

N

442

445

445

423

444

436

392

435

443

F

14.098

1.904

12.244

14.929

1.490

9.794

12.677

1.530

5.764

RMS error

1.272

0.104

1.538

1.898

0.110

2.891

5.444

0.153

30.602

Overidentication test

0.538

0.985

0.018

0.313

0.004

0.155

Relevance test

0.001

0.001

0.033

0.039

0.000

0.001

1 Stars indicate signicance levels at 10% (*), 5%

(**) and 1%(

***)

2 t-statistics in parentheses

3 Cross-section and year xed eects included in all models except models entitled with Average

4 The marginal eect of globalization in developing countries is reported in the row entitled Glob. at

Dev=1

5 The p-values for the overidentication and relevance tests are

reported at the bottom of the table



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