Table 4: Giobaiization and education expenditures in 1999-2006, Robustness checks, Various
specifications
|
Primary |
Secondary |
Tertiary | |||||||
|
Outlier |
Budget |
Aid |
Outlier |
Budget |
Aid |
Outlier |
Budget |
Aid | |
|
Education exp. |
0.346** |
0.275* |
1.345*** |
1.831*** |
0.159 |
3.345 | |||
|
(2.534) |
(1.748) |
(3.008) |
(4.164) |
(0.352) |
(1.279) | ||||
|
Population |
-0.038** |
-0.001 |
-0.048** |
0.030 |
0.001 |
0.094* |
-0.235*** |
-0.001 |
0.055 |
|
(-2.160) |
(-1.257) |
(-2.344) |
(0.639) |
(1.538) |
(1.821) |
(-4.125) |
(-0.697) |
(0.125) | |
|
Gov. share |
0.107** |
0.003 |
0.049 |
-0.206* |
-0.013* |
-0.151 |
0.294 |
-0.014* |
-2.723 |
|
(2.099) |
(0.668) |
(0.658) |
(-1.745) |
(-1.944) |
(-0.936) |
(0.656) |
(-1.656) |
(-1.257) | |
|
GDP p. c. |
0.086 |
0.001 |
0.173 |
0.150 |
-0.002 |
0.501* |
0.548 |
0.009 |
-1.049 |
|
(0.963) |
(0.138) |
(1.355) |
(0.962) |
(-0.298) |
(1.718) |
(1.469) |
(0.831) |
(-0.408) | |
|
Ideology |
-0.074 |
-0.009 |
-0.149 |
-0.320 |
0.021 |
0.049 |
-0.679 |
-0.003 |
1.994 |
|
(-0.315) |
(-0.665) |
(-0.570) |
(-1.002) |
(1.286) |
(0.093) |
(-0.664) |
(-0.128) |
(0.643) | |
|
Primary enrollment |
0.001 | ||||||||
|
(0.468) | |||||||||
|
Primary pop. |
0.055*** | ||||||||
|
(2.634) | |||||||||
|
Secondary enrollment |
-0.000 | ||||||||
|
(-0.251) | |||||||||
|
Secondary pop. |
0.030 | ||||||||
|
(1.317) | |||||||||
|
Tertiary enrollment |
0.003 | ||||||||
|
(1.116) | |||||||||
|
Tertiary pop. |
-0.019 | ||||||||
|
(-0.532) | |||||||||
|
Aid |
0.050 |
-0.195 |
-5.326* | ||||||
|
(0.707) |
(-0.938) |
(-1.650) | |||||||
|
Globalization |
-0.118 |
0.003 |
-0.097 |
0.045 |
-0.001 |
0.191 |
0.453 |
0.020** |
-0.222 |
|
(-1.645) |
(0.474) |
(-1.230) |
(0.405) |
(-0.195) |
(1.152) |
(1.549) |
(2.404) |
(-0.278) | |
|
Glob. × Dev. |
0.232*** |
0.006 |
0.274*** |
-0.216* |
-0.003 |
-0.288 |
-0.856** |
-0.025** |
-3.057** |
|
(2.947) |
(0.899) |
(2.942) |
(-1.665) |
(-0.439) |
(-1.492) |
(-2.125) |
(-2.412) |
(-2.127) | |
|
Glob. at Dev=1 |
0.114*** |
0.009** |
0.177** |
-0.171** |
-0.005 |
-0.097 |
-0.404* |
-0.006 |
-3.279** |
|
N |
442 |
445 |
445 |
423 |
444 |
436 |
392 |
435 |
443 |
|
F |
14.098 |
1.904 |
12.244 |
14.929 |
1.490 |
9.794 |
12.677 |
1.530 |
5.764 |
|
RMS error |
1.272 |
0.104 |
1.538 |
1.898 |
0.110 |
2.891 |
5.444 |
0.153 |
30.602 |
|
Overidentication test |
0.538 |
0.985 |
0.018 |
0.313 |
0.004 |
0.155 | |||
|
Relevance test |
0.001 |
0.001 |
0.033 |
0.039 |
0.000 |
0.001 | |||
|
1 Stars indicate signicance levels at 10% (*), 5% |
(**) and 1%( |
***) | |||||||
|
2 t-statistics in parentheses | |||||||||
|
3 Cross-section and year xed eects included in all models except models entitled with Average | |||||||||
|
4 The marginal eect of globalization in developing countries is reported in the row entitled Glob. at |
Dev=1 | ||||||||
|
5 The p-values for the overidentication and relevance tests are |
reported at the bottom of the table | ||||||||