Table 2a
Party Structure, type of governments and electoral rules
OLS and instrumental variable estimates in 1990s cross section
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) | |
|
Dep. Var. |
party_frag |
nparties |
coalition |
single |
ngov |
coalition |
single |
ngov |
|
party_frag |
2.01 |
-2.78 | ||||||
|
(0.71)*** |
(0.50)*** | |||||||
|
nparties |
0.25 | |||||||
|
(0.10)** | ||||||||
|
maj |
-0.12 |
-2.10 |
-0.16 |
0.42 |
0.08 | |||
|
(0.05)** |
(1.31) |
(0.23) |
(0.17)** |
(0.85) | ||||
|
semi |
-0.22 |
-3.76 |
0.32 |
-0.28 |
0.98 | |||
|
(0.09)** |
(2.23)* |
(0.22) |
(0.10)*** |
(1.03) | ||||
|
district |
0.11 |
3.20 |
0.66 |
-0.30 |
2.22 | |||
|
(0.07) |
(1.56)** |
(0.26)** |
(0.19) |
(1.15)* | ||||
|
threshold |
0.00 |
-0.39 |
0.03 |
-0.01 |
-0.09 | |||
|
(0.01) |
(0.16)** |
(0.03) |
(0.02) |
(0.12) | ||||
|
bicam |
0.23 |
-0.11 |
0.06 |
0.15 |
-0.01 |
0.28 | ||
|
(0.10)** |
(0.09) |
(0.33) |
(0.11) |
(0.08) |
(0.24) | |||
|
investiture |
-0.16 |
0.95 |
-0.08 |
0.84 | ||||
|
(0.21) |
(0.84) |
(0.12) |
(0.35)** | |||||
|
constructive |
0.47 |
-0.04 |
0.53 |
0.19 | ||||
|
(0.14)*** |
(0.77) |
(0.10)*** |
(0.33) | |||||
|
Over-id |
7.91(3)** |
4.33(3) |
4.52(3) | |||||
|
Estimation |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
2SLS |
2SLS |
2SLS |
|
Adj.R-sq. |
0.47 |
0.44 |
0.39 |
0.51 |
0.22 | |||
|
N. Obs. |
52 |
52 |
47 |
47 |
47 |
47 |
47 |
47 |
Robust standard errors in parentheses; * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%
Controls included in all OLS specifications, cols (1)-(5): avelf, lpop, col_uka
Second-stage variables in 2SLS regressions, cols (6)-(8): avelf, lpop, col_uka, bicam, investiture, constructive
First-stage variables in the 2SLS specifications: maj, semi, district, threshold, and all second-stage variables
Over-id is Hansen’s J test statistic of the over-identifying restriction implied by the electoral rule variables having no direct effect on the type government;
critical values at 5% significance 7.81, cols (6)-( 8)