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Table 2a

Party Structure, type of governments and electoral rules
OLS and instrumental variable estimates in 1990s cross section

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Dep. Var.

party_frag

nparties

coalition

single

ngov

coalition

single

ngov

party_frag

2.01

-2.78

(0.71)***

(0.50)***

nparties

0.25

(0.10)**

maj

-0.12

-2.10

-0.16

0.42

0.08

(0.05)**

(1.31)

(0.23)

(0.17)**

(0.85)

semi

-0.22

-3.76

0.32

-0.28

0.98

(0.09)**

(2.23)*

(0.22)

(0.10)***

(1.03)

district

0.11

3.20

0.66

-0.30

2.22

(0.07)

(1.56)**

(0.26)**

(0.19)

(1.15)*

threshold

0.00

-0.39

0.03

-0.01

-0.09

(0.01)

(0.16)**

(0.03)

(0.02)

(0.12)

bicam

0.23

-0.11

0.06

0.15

-0.01

0.28

(0.10)**

(0.09)

(0.33)

(0.11)

(0.08)

(0.24)

investiture

-0.16

0.95

-0.08

0.84

(0.21)

(0.84)

(0.12)

(0.35)**

constructive

0.47

-0.04

0.53

0.19

(0.14)***

(0.77)

(0.10)***

(0.33)

Over-id

7.91(3)**

4.33(3)

4.52(3)

Estimation

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

2SLS

2SLS

2SLS

Adj.R-sq.

0.47

0.44

0.39

0.51

0.22

N. Obs.

52

52

47

47

47

47

47

47

Robust standard errors in parentheses; * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%

Controls included in all OLS specifications, cols (1)-(5): avelf, lpop, col_uka

Second-stage variables in 2SLS regressions, cols (6)-(8): avelf, lpop, col_uka, bicam, investiture, constructive

First-stage variables in the 2SLS specifications: maj, semi, district, threshold, and all second-stage variables

Over-id is Hansen’s J test statistic of the over-identifying restriction implied by the electoral rule variables having no direct effect on the type government;
critical values at 5% significance 7.81, cols (6)-( 8)



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