NOTES
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One of the most important contemporary discussions of these challenges was Ali Rattansi’s (1992) contribution
to a new Open University Course ED356 “Race”, Education and Society . See also Nazir Carrim’s (1995)
discussion of how these issues have developed.
See Gillborn (1995).
The Commission for Racial Equality is a publicly funded body with responsibility for advising on race
equality issues and policing the enforcement of relevant legislation.
See, for example, the debate about antiracist research in the UK. Foster, Gomm & Hammersley (1996),
Hammersley (1995, 2000) and Tooley with Darby (1998) are leading examples of the “standards” approach; see
Blair (2004), Connolly (1998) and Gillborn (1995) for critical commentaries and responses.
This is an extract from an interview with Howard Becker conducted by J.C. Verhoeven for his study of
Symbolic Interaction (Verhoeven, 1989). I am extremely grateful to Professor Verhoeven for so generously
sharing his data with me.
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001. Public Law 107-56-Oct 26 2001. A full transcript of the
legislation may be downloaded from the American Civil Liberties Union at
http://www.adu.org/SafeandFree/SafeandFree.cfm?ID=12251&c=207 (last accessed 21 February 2005).
This is one of the factors identified in the brief by the University of Michigan, defending its admissions
policies. The support of then US Secretary of State, the Republican former General Colin Powell, was also seen
as a key factor in contemporary news coverage (CNN.com, 2003). For further background on the Michigan case,
see Ethridge (2003).
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