The magnitude and Cyclical Behavior of Financial Market Frictions



Figure 2

Changes in Bankruptcy Costs

Default Productivity Threshold

Probability of Default




External Finance Premium


Credit Spread


Percentage Points


Percentage Points


Note. Standard deviation of the idiosyncratic productivity shock (σ ) is set equal to 0.28. The external
finance premium and the credit spread are measured relative to a risk-free rate of 3 percent.



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