Industrial districts, innovation and I-district effect: territory or industrial specialization?

Research_______________

District effect (differential above the mean)___________

_____________________________significantly improves firm efficiency ÷ median -2.01

Soler (2000)

Benefits/active: above the mean in the 4 sectors
considered

Productivity (added value/worker): above the mean in 3
sectors (doubtful in furniture)____________________________

Hernandez and Soler
(2003)

Efficiency

- Furniture: -0.20 (statistically non-significant)

- Ceramic tiles: 71%___________________________________

Brasili and Ricci (2003)

- ROI: between -37% and 28%

- ROE: between 31% and 280%

- Productivity: between -13% and 53%

- Technical efficiency: between -14% and 37%_________

Cainelli and De Liso
(2003)

Change in value added in simple ratios: non-innovative
firms (42%) and innovative firms (35%)

Change in value added in econometric regressions
(innovative and non-innovative firms): 16%_____________

Becchetti et al. (2007)

- Exports per worker: 79%

- Value added per worker: 37%

- Leverage: 119%

- Return on investment: -36%

- Return on equity: - 162%

- Return on assets: 253%_______________________________

Botelho and Hernandez
(2007)

- Benefits per establishment: 137%

- Productivity (added value/worker): 108%

- Efficiency: 28%_____________________________________

Competitiveness/Exports______________________________________________________

Costa and Viladecans
(1999)

Competitiveness (exports/sales):

- Positive differential to specialized LPS in 12 out of 21
industries ÷ median: 75%

- Negative in 9 industries^ median: -58%_____________

Becchetti and Rossi
(2000)

Competitiveness:

- Probability of being an exporter: 5%

- Export intensity (export/sales): between 179% and

228%___________________________________

Bronzini (2000)

Competitiveness (exports/jobs): 70% of aggregated
manufacturing. and statistically significant in 11 out of
17 manufacturing industries____________________________

Gola and Mori (2000)

Revealed competitive advantages (X/X+M): β = 0.0034
and statistically significant_________________________________

Innovation___________________________________________________________________

Santarelli (2004)

Number of patents by firm:

- 1986-1990: 82%

- 1990-1995: - 52%__________________________________

Muscio (2006)

Product innovation ÷ probability of being an innovative
firm: 14.4%___________________________________________

Boix and Galletto (2008)

Innovation (patents per employee): 47%_______________