The behavior of the individuals is represented by a logarithmic life-cycle utility function,
which is assumed to be additively separable,
ln(ct) + β ln(dt+1) + ln(pt + l) + β ln(pt+1 + l). (2)
The left part of (2) is the utility derived from consumption of the single private good
at time t, ct, and at time t + 1, dt+1 . β > 0 is the discount factor denoting a relative
impatience. l > 0 is the exogenous natural level of social order associated with a particular
society. The budget constraint is
ct + st = (1 - τt)wt (3)
dt+1 = (1 - τt+1)Rt+1st, (4)
where savings are denoted st, the real wage is wt and the interest factor is Rt+1 .
The second part of (2) is the utility derived from the public good, the level of social order,
p, defined by :
pt = (1 - qt)τtf (kt), (5)
where τ ∈ (0, 1) is the income tax rate set by the dictator and qt ∈ (0, 1) is the rate
of predation. The public good8 , p, provided by the dictator, represents the protection of
persons and individual property rights on the consumption good against other individuals,
but not against the dictator’s predation.9
8 Social order cannot be a private good because it is a good with externalities. The absence of violence
is essentially a social phenomenon. If an individual pays to prevent another individual from using violence
against him, both will benefit from the absence of violence. Therefore, both will have an incentive to free
ride on bearing the cost of social order.
9 Alternatively, p could be interpreted as the provision of public utilities or infrastructure. What is
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