where I is the n × n identity matrix. The (I - A) matrix is called the Leontief matrix and
(I - A)-1 is called the Leontief inverse matrix which shows the total-requirements matrix
for the economy. Equation (1) can be interpreted as∆X = (I -A)-1∆Y , which means
changes in total industry output are predicted using the Leontief inverse matrix. Thus the
column sum of (I - A)-1 is interpreted as the total changes in output from the changes in
final demand, which is called output multiplier
(2) α = i'(I - A)-1,
where α is the output multiplier column vector and i is an n × 1 column vector of ones.
Thus kth element in α implies there is exogenous change in final demand for kth sector
total industry output change by αk. Likewise, the employment multiplier can be defined
as follows
(3) e' = i'N(I - A)-1,
where N is the matrix with diagonal of n1,n2,..., nnand off diagonal all zeros, where
Employmenti
ni =----—------i- (i = 1, 2, ... n). Hence, the kth element in e implies there is an
Outputi
exogenous change in employment for kth sector, total industry output change by ek.
Similarly, the income multiplier can be defined as
(4) h' = i'H(I - A)-1,
where H is the symmetric matrix with diagonal of h1, h2, ., hn and off diagonal all zeros,
where hi =
household incomei
outputi
(i = 1, 2, . n).
Again, the kth element in h implies there