obsolescence than basic research because applied research is inherently more sensitive to
changes in controlling factors (Alston, Norton, and Pardey, 1995). Resistance in pesticides, for
example, occurs as pests evolve to resist chemicals, making previous research obsolete.
Table1: Estimated Rates of Agricultural Research for the United States
|
Study |
Time |
Annual Rate |
|
Griliches, 1964 |
1949-1959 |
35-45+ |
|
Lattimer, 1964 |
1949-1959 |
Not significant |
|
Evenson, 1968 |
1949-1959 |
17 |
|
Cline, 1975 |
1949-1958 |
39-47+ |
|
1954-1968 |
32-39+ | |
|
1967-1972 |
28-35+ | |
|
Peterson and Fitzharris, 1977 |
1957-1962 |
49+ |
|
1967-1972 |
^34+ | |
|
Evenson, Waggoner, and Ruttan, 1979 |
1948-1971 |
15+ |
|
White, Havlicek, and Otto, 1979 |
1942-1957 |
18 |
|
1958-1977 |
12 | |
|
Lyu, White, and Liu, 1984 |
1949-1981 |
16 |
|
Braha and Tweeten, 1986 |
1959-1982 |
17 |
|
Huffman and Evenson, 1989 |
1960-1982 |
lɜ |
|
Norton and Ortiz, 1992 |
1987 |
^30 |
|
+ returns to research and extension. | ||
Source: Norton, George W. “Benefits of US Agricultural Research”
www.warp. nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Probe/v2n2/bene. html
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