Popular Conceptions of Nationhood in Old and New European

policies on national identity, associated with specific religious, social, economic
and historical trajectories’ (ibid, p. 58).

A third study using the ISSP survey focused on national pride, national
sentiment and xenophobia (Hjerm 2003). The question in the survey on national
pride was the following:

How proud are you of [country] in each of the following?

1.       The way democracy works.                       -∣

2.        Its political influence in the world..                     ∣

3.       [Country's] economic achievements.                 ∣      political

4.       Its social security system.                             ∣

5.       Its fair and equal treatment of all groups in society. ^j

6.       Its scientific and technological achievements.       -∣

7.       Its achievements in sports.                            ∣

8.       Its achievements in the arts and literature.            ∣ cultural

9.       [Country's] armed forces.                           ∣

10.      Its history.                                              ^j

Using factor analysis Hjerm distilled two dimensions from the answers to this
question, one clustering the first five indicators which he interpreted as „political’,
and one grouping the last five indicators which he labelled „cultural’. Interestingly,
comparing national pride levels in Eastern and Western Europe, Hjerm found

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