Popular Conceptions of Nationhood in Old and New European

Notes

¹ For an extensive overview of scholars that were influenced by the ethnic-civic idea and of scholars
critical of the distinction, see Kuzio (2002) and Shulman (2002).

² These countries are Ireland, New Zealand, Slovak Republic, Netherlands, USA, Canada, Austria,
Norway, Australia, Great Britain, Poland, Italy, Latvia, Japan, Sweden, Russia, Slovenia, Hungary,
Czech Republic, Philippines, Spain, Germany (West and East separately) and Bulgaria.

³ This question was worded as follows: „Now we would like to ask you a few questions about
minorities in [respondent’s country]. How much do you agree or disagree with the following
statement: it is impossible for people who do not share the customs and traditions [of respondent’s
country] to become fully [e.g. British, German, Hungarian, etc]?’ The question had a 5-point
agree/disagree scale (agree strongly, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, disagree strongly).
⁴ Between 27 April 2002 and 10 June 2002, the European Opinion Research Group carried out wave
57.2 of the standard Eurobarometer, on request of the of the European Commission, Directorate-
General Press and Communication, Opinion Polls. The data of this survey can be ordered at the
Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung of the Universitaet zu Koeln, Germany.

⁵ As they constitute separate categories in the survey I hold East and West Germany to be separate
countries.

⁶ I considered Great Britain, West Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria and Greece to represent Western
Europe, and East Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary to belong to Eastern Europe.
Some observers would include Greece in the East European group, pointing to the long period of
Ottoman imperial rule and the lack of civic traditions and institutions in the country. We chose to
include it in Western Europe because of its post-war (interrupted) development as a democratic state
with a market economy, its early membership of NATO and its inclusion in the EU in the 1981. We
concede however that this issue is open to debate.

⁷ The output of the factor analyses of Germany, Hungary and Western and Eastern Europe can be
obtained from the author.

⁸ In calculating the scores for Western and Eastern Europe I followed the method employed by
Shulman (2002): all the respondents were first pooled for each region and then their scores were

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