Are Japanese bureaucrats politically stronger than farmers?: The political economy of Japan's rice set-aside program

Fiscal

Year

Expected income per day
from rice production (EI)

Share of households with
part-time farmers (PF)

Adjusted R square

R^²

1980

-0.363852***(-3.00255)

-1.002532***(-5.77202)

0.503765

1981

-0.251741**(-2.57040)

-0.859714***(-5.16702)

0.443716

1982

-0.184163*(-1.86839)

-0.867369***(-4.89194)

0.402766

1983

-0.236255**(-2.41409)

-0.825965***(-4.47391)

0.433857

1984

-0.294446***(-2.90368)

-0.898810***(-4.68543)

0.473509

1985

-0.364873***(-3.411453)

-0.910321***(-4.64972)

0.503296

1986

-0.319392***(-3.30278)

-0.957067***(-5.06892)

0.517103

1987

-0.248964***(-3.56378)

-0.778303***(-5.76498)

0.577108

1988

-0.213605***(-3.65822)

-0.789413***(-6.03306)

0.601293

1989

-0.227878***(-3.90512)

-0.762154***(-5.99149)

0.633393

1990

-0.211456***(-3.67650)

-0.704900***(-5.40015)

0.610086

1991

-0.201192***(-4.01013)

-0.683793***(-5.19517)

0.634754

1992

-0.250787***(-3.95489)

-0.641582***(-4.17073)

0.605816

1993

-0.317816***(-4.22996)

-0.739775***(-4.47477)

0.652930

1994

-0.322426**(-2.53246)

-1.115280***(-4.22778)

0.502611

1995

-0.347100***(-2.91654)

-0.993991***(-5.29453)

0.542807

1996

-0.303561***(-3.15725)

-0.881055***(-6.13591)

0.588032

1997

-0.299818***(-3.08345)

-0.859529***(-5.69315)

0.581906

1998

-0.175921***(-2.84252)

-0.651020***(-5.63132)

0.565174

1999

-0.183496***(-3.16990)

-0.604000***(-5.15015)

0.565639

2000

-0.182533***(-3.47584)

-0.583132***(-5.03141)

0.573908

2001

-0.143168***(-3.06659)

-0.516459***(-5.10857)

0.540680

Note:

1) Figures in the first and second columns are the scores of parameter coefficients. Those in