The name is absent

Proximal family processes

commonly adopted in sociological, epidemiological or economic studies, the aim is
often to build large samples with a broad range of variables so that it is possible to
condition out confounding bias and so assess causality in a representative sample. In
the branches of the psychology literature considered here, the method adopted tends
to be based on collection of data from small but homogenous samples. Thus,
unobserved differences are conditioned out by the sampling frame rather than through
the use of multivariate regression.

Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the objectives of the
study, the assumptions made and the validity of the data and measures. For our
purposes, a number of studies that have provided simple correlational evidence are
reported because they demonstrate the validity of the measures and that proximal
processes can be assessed reliably. Where possible we then turn to studies using
longitudinal data with value-added results to establish causality. However, for many
important and much discussed links in the model there are no such studies (see
Collins et al., 2000) for a discussion). This is a serious gap and one that we hope will
be rectified in the years to come. It is rarer still for the endogeneity of parenting
quality to be addressed.

However, the evidence reported does show that the instruments designed to evaluate
the hypothesised causal processes have sufficient reliability and validity to indicate
that the processes are stable and are important features of development.

2.2. Parenting style

2.2.1 The effects of parenting style on child development

Warmth

An extensive literature documents connections between aspects of warmth in parent-
child relationships and children’s development and adjustment. In particular, the
importance of parental warmth and secure attachment for the development of
children’s cognitive and behavioural competence is widely acknowledged (see
Baumrind, 1967, 1971; Bowlby, 1969, 1973; Masten & Coatsworth, 1998). Secure
attachment is located in the child. The importance of parental warmth may be due to
its effects on the child’s sense of attachment and the resulting capability to develop
understanding and confront uncertainty or puzzling tasks. Thus, children who have a
sense of secure attachment particularly as infants, subsequently approach cognitive
tasks in ways conducive to cognitive development. Their problem solving style is
characterised by more curiosity, persistence and enthusiasm and less frustration than
less securely attached infants (Bretherton, 1985).

Similarly, parents who use a proactive parenting style with their children, i.e. one that
is affectionate, warm, structured and consistent, are more likely to promote pro-social
behaviour and academic readiness (Masten & Coatsworth, 1998). Those children
whose interactions with their mothers are warm and involved are more likely to be

24

<<   28   29   30   31   32   33   34   >>

More intriguing information