Table 9. Analysis of the probability of the mother being employed at interview: all mothers
|
Employment of Mother |
Probit | ||||||
|
Age at motherhood |
Model (1) |
Model (2) |
Model (3) | ||||
|
Reference category: up to 18 years |
t |
t |
t | ||||
|
19 to 21 (agefst2) |
0.329 |
(7.32)*** |
0.293 |
(6.57)*** |
0.174 |
(3.72)*** | |
|
22 to 24 (agefst3) |
0.712 |
(13.92)*** |
0.649 |
(12.75)*** |
0.414 |
(8.00)*** | |
|
______________________________________25 to 27 (agefst4) |
0.961 |
(20.42)*** |
0.829 |
(16.72)*** |
0.485 |
(9.64)*** | |
|
28 to 30 (agefst5) |
1.128 |
(22.42)*** |
0.964 |
(17.86)*** |
0.535 |
(9.49)*** | |
|
31 to 33 (agefst6) |
1.159 |
(21.75)*** |
0.975 |
(17.29)*** |
0.516 |
(8.63)*** | |
|
34 to 36 (agefst7) |
1.202 |
(20.04)*** |
1.006 |
(15.66)*** |
0.557 |
(8.29)*** | |
|
37 plus (agefst8) |
1.290 |
(15.08)*** |
1.097 |
(12.32)*** |
0.629 |
(6.46)*** | |
|
Childhood Factors | |||||||
|
Mother’s parents ever separated or divorced (fpasebi) |
-0.131 |
(4.87)*** |
-0.126 |
(4.55)*** | |||
|
Mother ever in care during childhood (incare) |
-0.297 |
(3.09)*** |
-0.148 |
(1.53) | |||
|
Mother left school at minimum age (compsch) |
-0.245 |
(10.15)*** |
0.046 |
(1.56) | |||
|
Ethnic origin: reference category White | |||||||
|
Mixed (eth2) |
-0.381 |
(3.09)*** |
-0.255 |
(2.04)** | |||
|
Indian (eth3) |
-0.248 |
(2.91)*** |
-0.113 |
(1.17) | |||
|
Pakistani (eth4) |
-1.05 |
(13.40)*** |
-0.804 |
(8.81)*** | |||
|
Bangladeshi (eth5) |
-1.007 |
(8.18)*** |
-0.739 |
(5.32)*** | |||
|
Black Caribbean (eth6) |
0.155 |
(1.59) |
0.427 |
(4.26)*** | |||
|
Black African (eth7) |
-0.243 |
(1.72)* |
0.141 |
(1.05) | |||
|
Other (eth8) |
-0.518 |
(5.44)*** |
-0.345 |
(3.29)*** | |||
|
Contemporary Factors | |||||||
|
Country: reference category England | |||||||
|
Wales (curreg10) |
0.098 |
(2.57)*** | |||||
|
Scotland (curreg11) |
0.069 |
(1.89)* | |||||
|
Northern Ireland (curreg12) |
0.214 |
(5.77)*** | |||||
|
Highest Qualification: reference None | |||||||
|
NVQ level 1 or equivalent (nvq1) |
0.395 |
(6.84)*** | |||||
|
NVQ level 2 or equivalent(nvq2) |
0.597 |
(13.24)*** | |||||
|
NVQ level 3 or equivalent(nvq3) |
0.746 |
(14.30)*** | |||||
|
NVQ level 4 or equivalent(nvq4) |
0.927 |
(18.25)*** | |||||
|
NVQ level 5 or equivalent (nvq5) |
0.996 |
(13.24)*** | |||||
|
Overseas and other unclassified (nvq6) |
0.170 |
(1.96)* | |||||
|
Total number of children in family (totlivch) |
-0.157 |
(11.65)*** | |||||
|
Long standing illness of mother (longill) |
-0.172 |
(5.37)*** | |||||
|
Partner present (partner) |
0.536 |
(14.84)*** | |||||
|
Area Type: reference Advantaged | |||||||
|
Disadvantaged ward (area2) |
-0.029 |
(0.85) | |||||
|
Ethnic Ward (area3) |
-0.259 |
(3.84)*** | |||||
|
Constant |
-0.749 |
(19.78)*** |
-0.44 |
(9.70)*** |
-1.088 |
(14.49)*** | |
|
Observations |
17818 |
17818 |
17818 | ||||
|
F |
128.38 |
0.0000 ~ |
87.24 |
0.0000 |
81.52 |
0.0000 | |
Absolute value of t statistics in parentheses * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%
Including partner’s nvq and long standing illness does not affect the results significantly for the mother’s employment decisions
41