Social Cohesion as a Real-life Phenomenon: Exploring the Validity of the Universalist and Particularist Perspectives



Table 5. The substance of social cohesion models (group means on social cohesion indicators)

Liberal
Anglophone

Conservative
Continental
_____
European_____

Social-democratic
Scandinavian

East-Asian

Overall mean

Components

Indicators___________________

1981

1990

1999

1981

1990

1999

1981

1990

1999

1981

1990

1999

1981

1990

1999

Civic
participation_______

Passive (belonging to)_________

1.03

.95

1.14

.60

.75

.82

1.18

1.40

1.98

-

.61

.77

.89

.94

1.13

Active (doing voluntary work)

.40

.47

.72

.30

.33

.30

.32

.32

.47

.08

.07

.25

.33

.35

.46

Trust

Most people can be trusted

44.7

48.7

34.9

31.2

35.9

36.4

52.6

58.1

59.8

39.4

38.0

34.3

40.7

44.9

41.6

Trust in parliament____________

47.4

45.0

36.5

45.4

44.2

41.6

56.0

50.6

60.2

53.6

31.5

16.3

49.6

44.4

41.8

Tolerance________

Immigrants as neighbours_____

91.9

91.9

89.5

89.3

86.1

88.4

93.7

89.0

93.5

94.7

65.0

68.3

91.7

85.6

87.4

Cultural pluralism

Postmaterialism scale (SDs)

.61

.63

.58

.66

.67

.64

.62

.58

.52

.60

.64

.57

.63

.63

.59

Social hierarchy

Respect for parents____________

70.9

72.3

73.0

69.9

71.1

64.6

50.4

51.0

48.2

80.3

86.0

82.0

66.6

68.3

64.8

Inequality_________

Gini coefficient________________

37.3

35.3

37.0

31.9

30.3

31.9

33.2

25.0

27.2

34.2

30.0

27.4

33.9

30.5

31.7

Crime (inverse of
social order)_______

number of homicides per

100.000______________________

3.52

3.38

2.45

1.22

1.23

1.38

1.13

1.20

1.08

1.00

.60

1.55

1.84

1.79

1.59

N (countries)__________________

4

4

4

6

6

6

4

4

4

2

2

2

16

16

16

The Anglophone group includes the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland;

The Continental European group includes Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain and Italy;

The Scandinavian group includes Denmark, Sweden, Iceland and Finland;

The East-Asian group includes Japan and South Korea.



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