(12) See, Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. (1976) Schooling in
Capitalist America:______Educational Reform and the
Contradictions of Economic Life London and Henley:
Routledge & Kegan Paul. Bowles, S. and Gintis, H.
described the "new frontier" as education, in which all
children are offered equal opportunities to enable them to
... make it. Those who have failed to measure
up have only themselves to blame. (pp.3-4)
(13) The Havanur Report (1975) Government of Karnataka
Backward Classes Commission Report in four volumes. Volume
I Part II; see also, Justice K. Subba Rao, the Former
Chief Justice of India statement in the Karnataka Backward
Classes Commission Report (1975) that
... economic backwardness is the basis of all
backwardness, (p.67)
See also, Government Order No.8940-90 Edn. 96-16-1 dated
May 1917, and Government letter No.3949-Edn.42-17, dated
13th October 1917, where the term backward classes was
recognised to include all the communities in the State
other than the Brahmin. The Europeans and Anglo-Indians
... who have English for their mother-tongue
will of course be excluded by that fact,
(p.l)
Therefore, the English speaking Anglo-Indian community did
not accept the "backward" label, although the evidence of
being educationally backward had been linked to their
unemployment and poverty; see also, REPORT OF THE
COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO CONSIDER STEPS NECESSARY FOR THE
ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION OF COMMUNITIES IN THE PUBLIC
SERVICE (there was no date on this report). This Report
was sent to the researcher by the late ,ML' Menzies,
Secretary of the Anglo-Indian Activists in Bangalore. The
original copy is in the State Central Library, Bangalore;
see also, Wadhwa, K.K. (1975) Minority Safeguards in India:
Constitutional Provisions and their Implementation
Bangalore: Thomson Press (India) Limited (pp.16-21)
Although the word "backwardness" occurred very often in
Indian education, there was no definition of the word
"backward" in the Constitution of India. The qualities
were described and some of the Backward Classes were
listed; see also, Article 15(4) in the Constitution of
India which described socially and educationally backward
classes of Indian citizens; see also, Article 46 which
mentioned the weaker sections of the people and included in
that expression of weaker sections in Indian society the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Article 46 directs
the State to protect them from exploitation. In Part XVI
the Jknglo-Indians were grouped with the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes who were backward in different fields
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