Work Rich, Time Poor? Time-Use of Women and Men in Ireland



TIME-USE OF WOMEN AND MEN IN IRELAND

Table 11: Per Cent Feeling Rush or Stressed - Weekdays

No

Yes

All

53.4

46.6

100.0

Male

53.2

46.8

100.0

Female

53.6

46.4

100.0

Employed

42.7

57.3

100.0

Self-employed

35.5

64.5

100.0

Student

56.6

43.4

100.0

Home Duties

64.7

35.3

100.0

Retired

85.3

14.7

100.0

Other non-employed

72.7

27.3

100.0

Youngest Child < 5 years

33.8

66.2

100.0

Youngest 5-10 years

33.7

66.3

100.0

Youngest 11-17 years

54.1

45.9

100.0

Under 18, age unknown

37.5

62.5

100.0

No kids <18 years

60.7

39.3

100.0

Single employed

49.2

50.8

100.0

Single not employed

73.2

26.8

100.0

Dual-Earner Couple

38.2

61.8

100.0

Male Breadwinner

49.6

50.4

100.0

Female breadwinner

64.3

35.7

100.0

No-earner couple

72.0

28.0

100.0

Primary

70.2

29.8

100

Intermediate Certificate

52.3

47.7

100

Leaving Certificate

52.4

47.6

100

Post-secondary

45.6

54.4

100

347


Source: Irish National Time-Use Survey, 2005.

Note: Yes = Sometimes/Often feel rushed/stressed during the diary day. When a chi-
squared test is applied, all differences between groups are significant at p <0.05.

are negligible, both at a descriptive level (Table 11) and in models (A and B).
It is only when we distinguish between paid and unpaid work in the modelling
that we find women in Ireland somewhat more likely to feel rushed than men
(Model C). Women have more committed time than men, but more of this is
unpaid, and it is when we account for this, we find women feel more rushed
than men. However, we should not overstate this finding: compared to the US,
gender differences in feeling rushed in Ireland are small.

In any case we should note that while feeling rushed clearly is associated
with high levels of committed time, other factors also play a role. In



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